Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0042963 (vomiting)
 31,883 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Cholera has been recognized as a killer disease since earliest time. Since 1817, six pandemics have swept over the world, and the seventh one is in progress. The disease is caused by infection of the small intestine by Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139 and is characterized by massive acute diarrhoea, vomiting, and dehydration: death occurs in severe, untreated cases. Cholera is a highly contagious disease, and is transmitted primarily by ingestion of faecally-contaminated water by susceptible persons. Besides water, foods have also been recognized as an important vehicle for transmission of cholera. Foods are likely to be faecally contaminated during preparation, particularly by infected food handlers in an unhygienic environment. The physicochemical characteristics of foods that support survival and growth of V. cholerae O1 and O139 include high-moisture content, neutral or an alkaline pH, low temperature, high-organic content, and absence of other competing bacteria. Seafoods, including fish, shellfish, crabs, oysters and clams, have all been incriminated in cholera outbreaks in many countries, including the United States and Australia. Contaminated rice, millet gruel, and vegetables have also been implicated in several outbreaks. Other foods, including fruits (except sour fruits), poultry, meat, and dairy products, have the potential of transmitting cholera. To reduce the risk of food-borne transmission of cholera, it is recommended that foods should be prepared, served, and eaten in an hygienic environment, free from faecal contamination. Proper cooking, storing, and re-heating of foods before eating, and hand-washing with safe water before eating and after defaecation are important safety measures for preventing food-borne transmission of cholera.
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PMID:Food as a vehicle of transmission of cholera. 1089 90

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is one of the leading causes of diarrhea among Israeli soldiers serving in field units. Two double-blind placebo-controlled, randomized trials were performed among 155 healthy volunteers to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of different lots of the oral, killed ETEC vaccine consisting of two doses of whole cells plus recombinantly produced cholera toxin B subunit (rCTB). The two doses of vaccine lot E005 and the first dose of vaccine lot E003 were well tolerated by the volunteers. However, 5 (17%) vaccinees reported an episode of vomiting a few hours after the second dose of lot E003; none of the placebo recipients reported similar symptoms. Both lots of vaccine stimulated a rate of significant antibody-secreting cell (ASC) response to CTB and to colonization factor antigen I (CFA/I) after one or two doses, ranging from 85 to 100% and from 81 to 100%, respectively. The rate of ASC response to CS2, CS4, and CS5 was slightly lower than the rate of ASC response induced to CTB, CFA/I, and CS1. The second vaccine dose enhanced the response to CTB but did not increase the frequencies or magnitude of ASC responses to the other antigens. The two lots of the ETEC vaccine induced similar rates of serum antibody responses to CTB and CFA/I which were less frequent than the ASC responses to the same antigens. Based on these safety and immunogenicity data, an efficacy study of the ETEC vaccine is under way in the Israel Defense Force.
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PMID:Safety and immunogenicity of two different lots of the oral, killed enterotoxigenic escherichia coli-cholera toxin B subunit vaccine in Israeli young adults. 1089 47

The nucleus retroambiguus (NRA) consists of premotor neurons in the caudal medulla. It is involved in expiration, vomiting, vocalization, and probably reproductive behavior by means of projections to distinct motoneuronal cell groups. Because no information is available about the NRA and its efferent pathways in primates, the present study examines NRA projections to the lumbosacral spinal cord in female rhesus monkeys. To identify the NRA, wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) was injected into the lumbosacral cord in three monkeys. To study the distribution of NRA axons in the lumbosacral cord, WGA-HRP injections were made into the NRA in seven monkeys. To identify motoneuronal cell groups receiving input from the NRA, the same seven monkeys also received cholera toxin subunit b (CTb) injections into different hindlimb, axial, and pelvic floor muscles. The results show that NRA neurons projecting to the lumbosacral cord are mainly located between 1 to 4 mm caudal to the obex. They send numerous axons to external oblique and pelvic floor motoneurons, whereas projections to iliopsoas and axial motoneurons are less numerous. The projections are bilateral, but show a clear contralateral predominance in the iliopsoas, axial, and pelvic floor motoneuronal cell groups. At the ultrastructural level, NRA-terminal profiles make asymmetrical contacts with labeled and unlabeled dendrites in these motoneuronal cell groups and contain large amounts of spherical and a few dense core vesicles. It is concluded that the NRA is well developed in the monkey and that there exists a direct pathway from the NRA to lumbosacral motoneurons in this species. The finding that the NRA projects to a somewhat different set of motoneuronal cell groups compared with other species fits the concept that it is not only involved in expiration-related activities but also in species specific receptive and submissive behavior.
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PMID:Monosynaptic projections from the nucleus retroambiguus to motoneurons supplying the abdominal wall, axial, hindlimb, and pelvic floor muscles in the female rhesus monkey. 1090

The motor control of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) is critical for normal swallowing and emesis, as well as for the prevention of gastroesophageal reflux. However, there are surprisingly few data on the central organization and neurochemistry of LES-projecting preganglionic neurons. There are no such data in ferrets, which are increasingly being used to study LES relaxation. Therefore, we determined the location of preganglionic neurons innervating the ferret LES, with special attention to their relationship with gastric fundus-projecting neurons. The neurochemistry of LES-projecting neurons was also investigated using two markers of "nontraditional" neurotransmitters in vagal preganglionic neurons, nitric oxide synthase (NOS), and dopamine (tyrosine hydroxylase: TH). Injection of cholera toxin B subunit (CTB)-horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into the muscular wall of the LES-labeled profiles throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMN) The relative numbers of profiles in three regions of the DMN from caudal to rostral are, 43 +/- 5, 67 +/- 11, and 113 +/- 30). A similar rostrocaudal distribution occurred after injection into the gastric fundus. When CTB conjugated with different fluorescent tags was injected into the LES and fundus both labels were noted in 56 +/- 3% of LES-labeled profiles overall. This finding suggests an extensive coinnervation of both regions by vagal motor neurons. There were significantly fewer LES-labeled profiles that innervated the antrum (16 +/- 9%). In the rostral DMN, 15 +/- 4% of LES-projecting neurons also contained NADPH-diaphorase activity; however, TH immunoreactivity was never identified in LES-projecting neurons. This finding suggests that NO, but not catecholamine (probably dopamine), is synthesized by a population of LES-projecting neurons. We conclude that there are striking similarities between LES- and fundic-projecting preganglionic neurons in terms of their organization in the DMN, presence of NOS activity and absence of TH immunoreactivity. Coinnervation of the LES and gastric fundus is logical, because the LES has similar functions to the fundus, which relaxes to accommodate food during ingestion and preceding emesis, but has quite different functions from the antrum, which provides mixing and propulsion of contents for gastric emptying. The presence of NOS in some LES-projecting neurons may contribute to LES relaxation, as it does in the case of fundic relaxation. The neurologic linkage of vagal fundic and LES relaxation may have clinical relevance, because it helps explain why motor disorders of the LES and fundus frequently occur together.
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PMID:Organization and neurochemistry of vagal preganglionic neurons innervating the lower esophageal sphincter in ferrets. 1113 58

A diarrhea study was conducted in North Jakarta, Indonesia from December 1996 through December 1997. Vibrio parahaemolyticus was isolated from 333 (6.1%) of 5442 rectal swab samples collected from patients with cholera-like diarrhea. Vibrio cholerae O1 was isolated from 545 (10.0%) and V. cholerae non-O1 from 183 samples (3.4%), respectively. Patients positive for V. parahaemolyticus were mostly adults between 20 and 40 years of age, with males constituting 62%. A majority (65%) of these patients demonstrated watery diarrhea with a frequency of fewer than 10 episodes per 24 hour. A large number of the patients had abdominal pain (83%) and vomiting (76%) and were non-febrile (90%). The highest isolation rate (9.6%) of V. parahaemolyticus was found during the dry season (June, July) and the lowest (4.5%) in the rainy season (December, January, February). All of the V. parahaemolyticus isolates were hemolytic on human blood agar (positive Kanagawa) but none was urease positive. Disk diffusion antibiotic susceptibility tests performed on the isolates demonstrated resistance to ampicillin (98%), cephalothin (24%), kanamycin (15%), colistin (97%), neomycin (2%) and ceftriaxone (0.3%). All isolates (100%) were sensitive to chloramphenicol, tetracycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, gentamicin, and ciprofloxacin.
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PMID:Vibrio parahaemolyticus associated with cholera-like diarrhea among patients in North Jakarta, Indonesia. 1124 18

Oral rehydration therapy (ORT) can be considered as both curative and preventive with regard to dehydration due to diarrhea. When given to a dehydrated patient, usually in the form of oral rehydration salts, its purpose is to correct (cure) the dehydration by restoring normal amounts of water and salts to the body. However, when given soon after the onset of diarrhea, before dehydration develops, usually as a homemade solution, its purpose is to prevent the reoccurrence of dehydration. Vomiting happens frequently during diarrhea, especially when the illness is caused by rotavirus or cholera. Vomiting can occur, or continue, during the 1st hour or 2 of ORT, after which it will usually diminish or stop. When vomiting occurs during ORT, fluid administration should be continued after waiting 10 minutes but given more slowly in sips at short intervals. Although it may appear that a large amount of rehydration fluid has been vomited, most of what is given is actually retained, benefiting the patient. Antiemetics, such as chlorpromazine should not be given because (i) they have undesirable side effects, such as drowsiness, which can interfere with the continuation of ORT, and (ii) the vomiting will usually subside as ORT is continued.
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PMID:ORT and vomiting. Reply to Tambawal letter. 1228 73

Vibrio cholerae spreads quickly via contaminated water and food, especially in areas with a poor health and sanitation infrastructure. Its enterotoxin induces vomiting and huge amounts of watery diarrhea leading to severe dehydration. 80-90% of cholera victims during an epidemic can use oral rehydration salts. A cholera epidemic is now spreading through Latin America threatening 90-120 million people (started in January 1991), particularly those in urban slums and rural/mountainous areas. As of mid April 1991, there were more than 177,000 new reported cases in 12 countries and 78% of these cases and more than 1200 deaths were limited to 5 countries: Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru, WHO's Global Cholera Control Task Force coordinates global cholera control efforts to prevent deaths in the short term and to support infrastructure development in the long term. Its members are specialists in disease surveillance, case management, water and sanitation, food safety, emergency intervention, and information and education. WHO's Director General is asking for the support of the international community in cholera control activities. These activities' costs are considerable. For example, Peru needs about US$ 60 million in 1992 to fulfill only the most immediate demands of rehabilitation and reconstruction of the infrastructure. Costs of infrastructure capital throughout Latin America is almost US$ 5 thousand million/year over the next 10 years. It is indeed an effective infrastructure which ultimately prevents cholera. Cholera is evidence of inadequate development, so to fight it, we must also fight underdevelopment and poverty.
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PMID:Cholera: ancient scourge on the rise. WHO announces global plan for cholera control. (25 April 1991). 1231 30

Cholera, identified by violent diarrhea, cramps, vomiting, and dehydration, is spreading through Peru into Colombia, Ecuador, Child, and Brazil. Water contaminated with Vibrio cholerae is used for washing food and/or drinking thereby transmitting the disease. PAHO estimates 6 million people in South America may get cholera within the next 3 years. This cholera epidemic is the result of unsanitary conditions in which the urban poor in South America live. In fact, in Lima, Peru, 40% of the people do not have potable, piped water available. These individuals fetch their water from far away taps and private vendors both of which are not necessarily safe. In addition, 40% do not have access to a sewage system. Further, 80% of sick people in developing countries have a water related illness, be it transmitted by contaminated water or by insects and snails that reproduce in the water. Diarrhea is the most deadly of these conditions. Indeed every year 10-20 million children die from the effects of diarrhea which include malnutrition, dehydration, and shock. Yet 940 million people in developing countries have no access to safe water and 1.7 billion do not have a sanitary means of disposing of human wastes, despite the fact that the UN decreed the 1980s the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade. Nevertheless UNICEF efforts did bring communal taps, odorless latrines, and/or pour flush toilets to 1.2 billion people. These types of sanitation costs $20-25/person whereas conventional sewers cost $350/person. Low technology supplied water averages $30/person compared to $200/person for piped water. Peru has spent $43 million on emergency medical care for cholera victims which could have provided low cost clean water and sanitation for almost 800,000 poor.
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PMID:Sanitation in the time of cholera. 1234 51

A variety of newly discovered pathogens and new forms of older infectious agents threaten to reemerge. Typical symptoms of acute infection are fever, headache, malaise, vomiting, and diarrhea. Some of the better-known emerging viral infections include dengue, filoviruses (Ebola, Marburg), hantaviruses, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, HIV, influenza, lassa fever, measles, rift valley fever, rotavirus, and yellow fever. Emerging bacterial infections include cholera, Escherichia coli 0157:H7, legionnaires disease (Legionella), lyme disease, streptococcus infections (group A), tuberculosis, and typhoid. Emerging parasitic infections include cryptosporidium and other waterborne pathogens and malaria. The causes of many diseases are still shrouded in mystery; thus, treatments and cures for them are as yet unknown.
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PMID:The threat of emerging infections. 1234 57

Cholera, caused by Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139, is characterised by profuse purging of watery stools, and vomiting and dehydration. The mainstay of therapy of cholera patients is rehydration with oral rehydration salt solution or intravenous Ringer's lactate depending upon the degree of dehydration. Antibiotics such as tetracycline, doxycycline, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin and furazolidone may be used as an adjunct to rehydration therapy for severely purging cholera patients to reduce the rate of stool output. This shortens the duration of hospital stay, stops excretion of vibrios in the stool and minimises the requirement of fluids. Resistance to many of these drugs has been observed and is a matter of concern. Other antidiarrhoeals are not recommended. Many antisecretory drugs have been tried as an adjunct therapy, unfortunately, until today, none has been found useful in the treatment of cholera. Feeding during and after cholera is emphasised.
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PMID:An evaluation of current cholera treatment. 1256 4


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