Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0042963 (vomiting)
 31,883 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Signs of a central nervous system disorder were observed following 2 instances of accidental ingestion of glucocorticoid in a young female Doberman Pinscher. The signs included transient aggressive and paranoid behavior, amaurosis, disorientation, ataxia with circling backward, and depression. Vomiting, weight loss, and abnormal drinking behavior persisted for several weeks following recovery from the acute illness.
 ...
PMID:Central nervous system depression associated with glucocorticoid ingestion in a dog. 56 44

Antagonists of 5HT3 receptors are clinically effective in treating nausea and emesis associated with certain oncolytic drugs, including cisplatin. Moreover, these agents may be useful in pharmacological management of several central nervous system disorders, including anxiety, schizophrenia, dementia, and substance abuse. Our studies on aroyltropanamides led to the discovery that dihydrobenzofuranyl esters and amides are potent 5HT3 receptor antagonists. Simple benzoyl derivatives of tropine and 3 alpha-aminotropane possessed weak 5HT3 receptor antagonist activity, as judged by blockade of bradycardia produced by iv injection of serotonin (5HT) to anesthetized rats. Within this series, use of benzofuran-7-carboxamide as the aroyl moiety led to a substantial increase of 5HT3 receptor affinity. The optimal 5HT3 receptor antagonist identified via extensive SAR studies was endo-5-chloro-2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-N-(8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oc t- 3-yl)-7-benzofurancarboxamide (Z)-2-butenedioate (zatosetron maleate). The 7-carbamyl regiochemistry, dimethyl substitution, chloro substituent, and endo stereochemistry were all crucial elements of the SAR. Zatosetron maleate was a potent antagonist of 5HT-induced bradycardia in rats (ED50 = 0.86 micrograms/kg i.v.). Low oral doses of zatosetron (30 micrograms/kg) produced long-lasting antagonism of 5HT3 receptors, as evidenced by blockade of 5HT-induced bradycardia for longer than 6 h in rats. Moreover, this compound did not produce hemodynamic effects after i.v. administration to rats, nor did it block carbamylcholine-induced bradycardia in doses that markedly blocked 5HT3 receptors. Thus, zatosetron is a potent, selective, orally effective 5HT3 receptor antagonist with a long duration of action in rats.
 ...
PMID:Zatosetron, a potent, selective, and long-acting 5HT3 receptor antagonist: synthesis and structure-activity relationships. 173 48

Severe hypercalcemia is a medical emergency requiring urgent treatment. It most commonly is caused by malignant tumors, as in the case study, but can also be caused by advanced hyperparathyroidism or high serum levels of vitamin D. The patient described in the case study shows clinical evidence of volume contraction due to hypercalcemia-related anorexia and vomiting. His elevated serum concentrations of urea nitrogen and creatinine reflect intravascular volume depletion and hypercalcemia-induced reduction of renal perfusion. He is also likely to have irreversible renal damage as a result of nephrocalcinosis. His central nervous system depression is most likely a result of hypercalcemia, but other central nervous system disorders such as cerebral metastases should be considered. Appropriate treatment would include intravenous fluids to correct volume depletion, dilute extracellular fluid calcium, and promote renal calcium excretion. Before waiting for the effects of volume expansion, the first dose of an inhibitor of bone resorption should be given. The agent of choice now (this may change when second-generation bisphosphonates become available) is plicamycin. Etidronate is a reasonable second choice. Because both drugs require at least 48 hours before their hypocalcemic action is manifest, calcitonin could be used to accelerate the rate of decline of the serum calcium. As the patient becomes more alert, weight-bearing and ambulation should be encouraged. With this combination of therapeutic modalities, this patient's serum calcium level should be corrected within 3 to 5 days. Intermittent injections of mithramycin or etidronate could be given on an outpatient basis approximately once a week in order to maintain the serum calcium within the normal range. One of the most important aspects of treatment in hypercalcemic patients is eradication of the underlying disease, which usually calls for specific antitumor therapy, including chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or surgery. Most of the agents currently available for the correction of hypercalcemia have cumulative toxicities or are only transiently effective and, therefore, their use should be considered a temporizing measure until specific treatment directed at the primary disease takes effect.
 ...
PMID:Management of severe hypercalcemia. 200 13

Recurrent vomiting is common in children with severe mental retardation and leads to significant morbidity with malnutrition, anemia, and aspiration pneumonitis. Spasms of the abdominal muscles and diaphragm, uncoordinated peristalsis, and central nervous system disorders are causes of dysphagia and continuous gastroesophageal reflux. It is desirable that mentally retarded children with vomiting have a barium swallow and esophagoscopy as early as possible. Fundoplication should be performed before complications develop. Spasms with aspiration followed by apnea, in particular, are life-threatening situations. After surgery there is a definite improvement in mental and physical development.
 ...
PMID:Gastroesophageal reflux and severe mental retardation. 392 35

The treatment of the acute renal allograft rejection with the monoclonal antibody orthoclone OKT3 produces both systemic and neurologic alterations. In a series of 21 patients with an acute renal allograft rejection treated with this monoclonal antibody, 20 with a renal allograft transplantation and one with a renal and pancreatic allograft transplantation, 29% referred headache associated with fever and vomiting, and 14.2% presented severe neurological alterations induced by the treatment. We stress the need to know these secondary effects to differentiate them from other central nervous system disorders, particularly those of infectious origin.
 ...
PMID:[Neurologic complications induced by the treatment of the acute renal allograft rejection with the monoclonal antibody OKT3]. 824 Aug 43

Motility disorders are very common in childhood, causing a number of gastrointestinal symptoms: recurrent vomiting, abdominal pain and distension, constipation and obstipation, and loose stools. The disorders result from disturbances of gut motor control mechanisms caused by either intrinsic disease of nerve and muscle, central nervous system dysfunction or perturbation of the humoral environment in which they operate. Intrinsic gut motor disease and central nervous system disorder are most usually congenital in origin, and alterations of the humoral environment acquired. Irritable bowel syndrome occurs in children as well as adults and is multifactorial in origin, with an interplay of psychogenic and organic disorders.
 ...
PMID:Motility disorders in childhood. 1007 6

We conducted a phase II multicenter study in order to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of two combination regimens containing KRN8602 (MX2) for drug-resistant acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). AML was treated with KRN8602, 15 mg/m2 i.v. push for 5 days, and cytarabine (AraC), 100 mg/m2 by 24 h coutinuous infusion for 7 days. ALL was treated with KRN8602, 15 mg/m2 i.v. push for 5 days, vincristine (VCR), 1.4 mg/m2 i.v. push, once weekly, and prednisolone (PSL), 40 mg/m2, 3 h infusion for 5 days. In AML and ALL, the complete remission (CR) rate was 36.4% (16 of 44) and 24.1% (seven of 29), and the overall response rate (CR+PR) was 52.3% (23 of 44) and 51.7% (15 of 29), respectively. Among the 29 relapsed cases of AML, a higher CR rate, 51.7% (15 of 29), was obtained. A high incidence of nausea/vomiting and anorexia was observed, and some patients experienced central nervous system disorders and peripheral neuropathy. There was a low incidence of severe neurotoxicities; all other toxicities were manageable. KRN8602 was found to overcome drug resistance clinically, confirming results based on the preclinical studies. We conclude that KRN8602 is an effective novel anthracycline for drug-resistant acute leukemias.
 ...
PMID:A phase II study employing combination regimens containing KRN8602 in drug-resistant acute myeloid leukemia and acute lymphoblastic leukemia. KRN8602 Leukemia Study Group. 1032 31

We compared clinical presentation and course of exercise-associated hyponatremia with heat exhaustion among summertime hikers in Grand Canyon National Park. Cases were selected from among hikers who requested medical help from the National Park Service Emergency Medical Service (EMS) or who presented to the medical clinic on the rim of the canyon with complaints related to exercise in the heat. Of 44 patients who had serum samples analyzed, 7 had hyponatremia with clinically significant symptoms and serum sodium levels <130 mmol/L: 3 had grand mal seizures, 2 had other major central nervous system disorders, and 2 had minor neurological symptoms. Seizures and change of mental status distinguished hyponatremia, (P = 0.0002). Indirect evidence suggests that hyponatremic patients were hyperhydrated. Other common symptoms included nausea, vomiting, headache, and dizziness, but these symptoms did not predict the level of serum sodium. When exercise in the heat is prolonged, hyponatremia is suggested either by altered mental status or by seizures without hyperpyrexia or hypoglycemia. No mortality or long-term morbidity occurred in any of these cases of hyponatremia.
 ...
PMID:Exertional heat illness and hyponatremia in hikers. 1053 May 29

The 5-HT(3) receptor is a ligand-gated ion channel widely distributed in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Many selective 5-HT(3) receptor antagonists have been developed; animal studies with such compounds suggested their potential therapeutic value in combating emesis and a wide range of CNS diseases including anxiety, schizophrenia, drug dependence and Alzheimer's disease. Their successful introduction as anti-emetics, with irritable bowel syndrome emerging as a further indication have partially fulfilled this initial promise. However, the CNS area has been less productive and, to date, no selective 5-HT(3) receptor antagonist has been approved for use in a CNS disease.
 ...
PMID:5-HT(3) receptor antagonists. 1113 47

Substance P (SP) is a neuropeptide which is abundant in the periphery and the central nervous system, where it is colocalized with other neurotransmitters such as serotonin or dopamine. SP has been proposed to play a role in the regulation of pain including migraine and fibromyalgia, asthma, inflammatory bowel disease, emesis, psoriasis as well as in central nervous system disorders. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the role of SP in the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders with special emphasis on affective disorders including bipolar disorders. It also reviews current treatment approaches with neurokinin 1 receptor antagonists which appear to be promising drugs for the future treatment of affective disorders.
 ...
PMID:Substance P and affective disorders: new treatment opportunities by neurokinin 1 receptor antagonists? 1189 70


1 2 Next >>