Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0042963 (vomiting)
 31,883 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor 3TC (lamivudine) appears to induce unusually prolonged HIV suppression when used in combination with AZT, according to the results of four randomized clinical trials. The studies showed that 3TC and AZT had similar antiviral effects when used alone. However, investigators observed a substantial, prolonged increase in CD4 counts and a significant decrease in HIV RNA when the drugs were administered simultaneously. These benefits persisted in all study groups for the 24-week study period, and in several for the six-month follow-up period as well. The combination was well-tolerated by nearly 1000 AZT-naive and AZT-experienced subjects enrolled in these trials, with the most common adverse effects being nausea, vomiting and headaches. A possible explanation for the antiviral effect is suggested by the mutation at HIV codon 184 that is frequently observed in virions exposed to 3TC for extended periods of time. In vitro studies have shown that this mutation confers 3TC resistance. It may also counteract other mutations that would normally lead to AZT resistance, therefore enabling virions exposed to both drugs to remain effectively susceptible to AZT.
AIDS Clin Care 1995 Mar
PMID:Combination 3TC/AZT therapy shows promise. 1136 92

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that immunocompromised people avoid exposure to cryptosporidium in outbreak settings by drinking water that is boiled, filtered, or bottled. A parasite, cryptosporidium is spread when persons ingest infected feces of humans or animals, or eat raw or undercooked vegetables contaminated with an egg-like form of the parasite. Symptoms include watery diarrhea, headache, abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting and low-grade fever; in immunocompromised patients infection often leads to weight loss, dehydration, and may become life-threatening. Drugs can treat the symptoms, although cryptosporidiosis is not curable and often recurs in severely immunocompromised patients. To prevent becoming infected; HIV-positive people should not drink water from lakes, rivers, and swimming pools; avoid unpasteurized milk or milk products; wash hands after contact with pets or with soil; and follow safe-sex guidelines. The CDC also recommends that in settings with an outbreak of cryptosporidium, individuals boil water for one minute to kill the parasite or use a filter for tap water that is capable of removing particles less than one micron in diameter. A third option is to use bottled water for drinking, although it is difficult to know which is safe since no organization regulates it.
AIDS Alert 1995 Aug
PMID:CDC provides guidelines on suspect water supplies. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1136 76

A three-judge panel of the Ohio Court of Appeals dismissed the lawsuit of a man who sued a hospital for breach of confidentiality of his positive HIV status. The patient, John Doe, presented at an Ohio State University Hospital with severe pain and vomiting. He was referred back to his regular physician, Dr. [name removed], who ordered a battery of tests. The laboratory inadvertently performed an HIV-antibody test, found that Doe was infected, and sent his name to the Ohio Department of Health. John Doe sued the University, alleging that it had violated a state law which requires informed consent for HIV-antibody testing. The trial judge found in favor of the University. The appeals panel affirmed the lower court's decision, stating that the case was not one of negligence, but rather an allegation concerning the informed consent statute. The Court stated that an individual could only file for compensatory damages if the person or agency knowingly violated the requirement for informed consent.
AIDS Policy Law 1995 Nov 03
PMID:Law wasn't broken if test was done by accident. 1136 61

The Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) Antiviral Drugs Advisory Committee met February 27 to March 1, 1996. At the meeting, the FDA granted full approval of ritonavir for the treatment of advanced AIDS. Ritonavir manufacturer, Abbott Laboratories, characterized the drug as generally well-tolerated, with the most common side effects being nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. The committee also recommended accelerated approval of Merck's protease inhibitor, indinavir. Results of several clinical studies and protocols are presented. The committee voted against somatropin (Serostim), the recombinant human growth hormone, for treatment of AIDS-related wasting syndrome. They cited too many gaps in the research data. The manufacturer, Serono, is currently negotiating with the FDA on the best way to pursue approval. The committee also unanimously recommended that ddI (Videx) be indicated as a first-line treatment for HIV. The drug appears to be superior to AZT in delaying disease progression and death.
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PMID:Highlights from the FDA antiviral drug advisory committee meetings, February 27-March 1, 1996. 1136 21

Cryptosporidium is an opportunistic parasitic infection causing diarrhea, headache, abdominal cramping, vomiting, low-grade fever and sometimes death. It caused illness in 400,000 people in Milwaukee in 1993, and one hundred people died, the majority of them were living with AIDS. Since then, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has issued water-safety guidelines for immunocompromised people. Boiling water will kill the cryptosporidium cysts, but people need to be aware that brushing their teeth or using ice cubes from untreated water could expose them to the parasite. Bottled water is not all safe; only that which is filtered in accordance with ANSI/NSF (American National Standards Institute/National Sanitation Foundation) Standard 53 will ensure safety. Home water filters must meet the requirements of the same standard. Currently available water filters under $200 are listed, and people are cautioned to exercise caution and wear gloves when changing the filters to prevent cryptosporidium exposure.
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PMID:Water, water everywhere...but how can you make sure it's safe to drink? 1136 58

The National Association of People with AIDS (NAPWA) released a May 2, 1996, report stating that the tap water in the nation's major cities places people with weakened immune systems at risk for contracting cryptosporidium. Cryptosporidium is a potentially life-threatening microscopic parasite. In people with compromised immune systems, the symptoms of diarrhea, headache, abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, and fever can persist for months and lead to death. Twenty-two of the thirty-one cities surveyed had no testing or notification policies in place to reduce an outbreak of cryptosporidium. NAPWA recommends that people with HIV disease in extremely high-risk cities (Atlanta; Dallas; Minneapolis; Newark, NJ; St. Petersburg, FL; and Washington, DC) refrain from drinking tap water. Another 22 cities were found to be at high risk for an outbreak.
AIDS Policy Law 1996 May 17
PMID:NAPWA questions safety of drinking water in major cities. National Association of People with AIDS. 1136 72

A 56-year-old, obese woman who had been sexually inactive for 10 years presented at the hospital with high fevers, decreased appetite, nausea, vomiting, and weight loss. Following many diagnostic tests that revealed little, it was found that her estranged husband was being treated for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP). The woman was tested for HIV and found to be positive. This is an example of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) indication that 10 percent of reported AIDS cases occur in people over age 50, that diagnosis is often delayed in older age groups, and that anyone suffering from fever of an unknown origin should be tested for HIV. In such situations it is suggested that general practice include seeking behavioral information and offering HIV testing and counseling.
AIDS Clin Care 1997 Jun
PMID:FUO in a 56-year-old woman. 1136 55

Symptoms of nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea to a nonspecific food poisoning can be life-threatening for people with AIDS, particularly for those in the later stages of the disease. Recurrent bouts can lead to additional immune suppression, wasting, and death. Guidelines are provided for insuring that food purchasing and preparation are hygienic and safe. Foods should be properly cleaned and prepared and cooked thoroughly. Undercooked meats, raw fish, and raw eggs should always be avoided.
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PMID:Food safety guidelines. 1136 37

Valganciclovir is a prodrug of ganciclovir which has been developed for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in patients with AIDS. Oral valganciclovir is rapidly absorbed and hydrolysed to ganciclovir. The oral bioavailability of ganciclovir after oral valganciclovir administration is high. Oral valganciclovir 900 mg provides a daily exposure of ganciclovir comparable to that of intravenous ganciclovir 5 mg/kg. A single, randomised, nonblind study indicated that oral valganciclovir (900mg twice daily for 3 weeks then 900 mg once daily) and intravenous ganciclovir (5 mg/kg twice daily for 3 weeks then 5 mg/kg once daily) were equally effective in the treatment of newly diagnosed CMV retinitis in 160 patients with AIDS. Valganciclovir appears to have a similar tolerability profile to intravenous ganciclovir during induction therapy in patients with AIDS and newly diagnosed CMV retinitis. During maintenance therapy with valganciclovir, the most commonly reported adverse events included neutropenia, anaemia, thrombocytopenia, gastrointestinal (including diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain), fever, headache, insomnia, peripheral neuropathy, paraesthesia and retinal detachment.
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PMID:Valganciclovir. 1146 75

Cannabis has been advocated as a treatment for nausea, vomiting, wasting, pain and muscle spasm in cancer, HIV/AIDS, and neurological disorders. Such uses are prohibited by law; cannabinoid drugs are not registered for medical use in Australia and a smoked plant product is unlikely to be registered. A New South Wales Working Party has recommended granting exemption from prosecution to patients who are medically certified to have specified medical conditions. This proposal deserves to be considered by other State and Territory governments.
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PMID:Allowing the medical use of cannabis. 1147 3


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