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Query: UMLS:C0042963 (vomiting)
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Methacrylic Acid is an organic acid used at concentrations between 50 and 88 percent to pretreat the nail and maximize the adhesion between the nail and artificial nail extender. Methacrylic Acid is readily absorbed through mucous membranes of the lungs, the gastrointestinal tract, and the skin; and is distributed to all major tissues. Oral LD50 values for rats ranged from 277 to 2260 mg/kg; acute toxicity symptoms included severe gastric irritation, gasping, labored respiration, prostration and hematuria. In a short-term inhalation study, rats exposed to Methacrylic Acid at 1300 ppm showed nose and eye irritation and weight loss, while necropsy results and blood and urine tests were normal. Methacrylic Acid is an ocular toxicant in animals. Undiluted Methacrylic Acid is corrosive to the skin of rabbits and guinea pigs. Exposure as limited as 3 minutes can cause severe erythema and slight to moderate edema. Exposure from 15 minutes to 24 hours under occlusive patches can cause marked to severe discoloration, slight to severe subcutaneous hemorrhages, necrosis, ulcerations, severe erythema, edema and concave eschar. Methacrylic Acid was irritating and caused strong rubefaction and scab formation in a guinea pig maximization test at challenge concentrations from 10 to 100 percent. It was difficult to determine if the results were type IV hypersensitivity reactions or simple irritation. In three other studies, guinea pigs were not sensitized. Methacrylic Acid was not a reproductive/developmental toxicant in rats or mice. Methacrylic Acid was negative in Salmonella typhimurium mutagenicity tests using strains TA98, TA100, TA1535 and TA1537 both with and without metabolic activation, but was positive in a DNA-cell-binding assay. Case reports involving Methacrylic Acid often involve children. Effects from ingestion include drooling, gagging, and vomiting. Children exposed to Methacrylic Acid as a result of accidental spills caused first and second degree burns to the eyes, face, hands, arms, and chest. The Consumer Product Safety Commission has required child-resistant packaging for liquid household products containing more than 5 percent Methacrylic Acid (weight-to-volume) in a single package. Since Methacrylic Acid is an extremely corrosive chemical, a primary concern about its use as a cosmetic ingredient was the ability to limit exposure to the nail when pretreating the nail prior to application of an artificial nail extender. A videotape presentation demonstrated that a trained professional could use a small applicator brush to dab a limited volume of Methacrylic Acid only to the center of the nail, allowing the monomer liquid to diffuse down the nail without any exposure to the skin. There were no available data to demonstrate that an individual consumer could apply Methacrylic Acid and avoid inadvertent skin contact. In order to minimize any exposure to the acid, the Expert Panel concluded that nail primers containing Methacrylic Acid could be used safely by trained individuals instructed to ensure that there be no contact with the skin. The CIR Expert Panel recognized that there are no chronic inhalation toxicity data on Methacrylic Acid, but was concerned that inhalation of Methacrylic Acid could affect the respiratory tract. Since the inhalation exposure time is significantly increased in a commercial setting, the Panel was more concerned about the safety of the nail technician than the consumer. The Expert Panel concluded that the current NIOSH recommended exposure limit of 20 ppm would provide adequate protection.
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PMID:Final report of the safety assessment of methacrylic acid. 1659 68

Methacrylate ester monomers are used in as artificial nail builders in nail enhancement products. They undergo rapid polymerization to form a hard material on the nail that is then shaped. While Ethyl Methacrylate is the primary monomer used in nail enhancement products, other methacrylate esters are also used. This safety assessment addresses 22 other methacrylate esters reported by industry to be present in small percentages as artificial nail builders in cosmetic products. They function to speed up polymerization and/or form cross-links. Only Tetrahydrofurfuryl Methacrylate was reported to the FDA to be in current use. The polymerization rates of these methacrylate esters are within the same range as Ethyl Methacrylate. While data are not available on all of these methacrylate esters, the available data demonstrated little acute oral, dermal, or i.p. toxicity. In a 28-day inhalation study on rats, Butyl Methacrylate caused upper airway irritation; the NOAEL was 1801 mg/m3. In a 28-day oral toxicity study on rats, t-Butyl Methacrylate had a NOAEL of 20 mg/kg/day. Beagle dogs dosed with 0.2 to 2.0 g/kg/day of C12 to C18 methacrylate monomers for 13 weeks exhibited effects only in the highest dose group: weight loss, emesis, diarrhea, mucoid feces, or salivation were observed. Butyl Methacrylate (0.1 M) and Isobutyl Methacrylate (0.1 M) are mildly irritating to the rabbit eye. HEMA is corrosive when instilled in the rabbit eye, while PEG-4 Dimethacrylate and Trimethylolpropane Trimethacrylate are minimally irritating to the eye. Dermal irritation caused by methacrylates is documented in guinea pigs and rabbits. In guinea pigs, HEMA, Isopropylidenediphenyl Bisglycidyl Methacrylate, Lauryl Methacrylate, and Trimethylolpropane Trimethacrylate are strong sensitizers; Butyl Methacrylate, Cyclohexyl Methacrylate, Hexyl Methacrylate, and Urethane Methacrylate are moderate sensitizers; Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate is a weak sensitizer; and PEG-4 Dimethacrylate and Triethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate are not sensitizers. Ethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate was not a sensitizer in one guinea pig study, but was a strong sensitizer in another. There is cross-reactivity between various methacrylate esters in some sensitization tests. Inhaled Butyl Methacrylate, HEMA, Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate, and Trimethylolpropane Trimethacrylate can be developmental toxicants at high exposure levels (1000 mg/kg/day). None of the methacrylate ester monomers that were tested were shown to have any endocrine disrupting activity. These methacrylate esters are mostly non-mutagenic in bacterial test systems, but weak mutagenic responses were seen in mammalian cell test systems. Chronic dermal exposure of mice to PEG-4 Dimethacrylate (25 mg, 2 x weekly for 80 weeks) or Trimethylolpropane Trimethacrylate (25 mg, 2 x weekly for 80 weeks) did not result in increased incidence of skin or visceral tumors. The carcinogenicity of Triethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate (5, 25, or 50%) was assessed in a mouse skin painting study (50 microl for 5 days/week for 78 weeks), but was not carcinogenic at any dose level tested. The Expert Panel was concerned about the strong sensitization and crossor co-reactivity potential of the methacrylate esters reviewed in this report. However, data demonstrated the rates of polymerization of these Methacrylates were similar to that of Ethyl Methacrylate and there would be little monomer available exposure to the skin. In consideration of the animal toxicity data, the CIR Expert Panel decided that these methacrylate esters should be restricted to the nail and must not be in contact with the skin. Accordingly, these methacrylate esters are safe as used in nail enhancement products when skin contact is avoided.
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PMID:Final report of the safety assessment of methacrylate ester monomers used in nail enhancement products. 1659 69