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Query: UMLS:C0042961 (volvulus)
 4,305 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Water samples were collected from breeding sites of species of the Simulium (Edwardsellum) damnoslm complex in Upper Volta, Liberia and Cameroon during the dry season; and in Tanzania and Kenya at various seasons during a period of two years. The following 20 factors were analysed at 45 breeding sites: water temperature, current velocity, pH value, conductivity free carbon dioxide, oxygen content, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, alkalinity, chloride, sulphate, nitrite, nitrate, ammonium, phosphate, silicate, total iron and organic substance (consumption of potassium permanganate). A number of notable differences in the chemical composition of the water of the breeding sites of 13 S. damnosum complex species were found, particularly with regard to the pH and conductivity. On the basis of these differences the various species can be divided into three main groups: Group I: 3 species (S. sanctipauli, S. yahense, "Menge"); breeding in sites with pH values always below 7 and conductivity values below 50 mumhos. Group II: 8 species (S. sirbanum, S. sudanense, S. damnosum s.s., S. squamosum, "Sanje", "Nkusi", "Nyamagasani", "Jovi"); breeding in watercourses with neutral, weakly acid or weakly alkaline reactions and conductivity values ranging from 50 to 150 mumhos. Group III: 2 species ("Kibwezi", "Kisiwani"); breeding in watercourses characterized by highly alkaline reactions with pH values between 7.7 and 10 and by conductivity values between 400 and 950 mumhos. The vectors of Onchocerca volvulus are included in group I and II only.
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PMID:The hydro-chemical and physical conditions of the environment of the immature stages of some species of the simulium (Edwardsellum) damnosum complex (Diptera). 1 1

The in vitro killing of Onchocerca volvulus infective third stage larvae (L3) by components of their human hosts' defence mechanisms is not well documented, as no suitable assay exists. Motility is inappropriate as a criterion of larval viability because of the unsteady winding movements of L3. In the present study, a metabolic parameter for larval viability, the uptake of [3H]2-deoxy-D-glucose, was evaluated. To demonstrate the reproducibility and validity of this test, the oxygen radical hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was applied to viable L3 and the death of L3 demonstrated by a 90% reduction in glucose uptake. The incorporation of glucose by the filarial larvae was also determined after in vitro exposure to lysates of the putative effector cells, i.e. eosinophilic and neutrophilic granulocytes and monocytes. Effector-cell-derived components led to a 30-80% dose-dependent decrease in deoxy-glucose uptake, with a half-maximal effect at about 500 micrograms ml-1. These experiments demonstrate, for the first time, the deleterious impact of effector cell constituents on the metabolic activity of O. volvulus L3. The assay could be used to evaluate the effect of distinct natural or recombinant effector molecules on the viability of O. volvulus infective larvae and to investigate the effect of parasite molecules which interfere with effector mechanisms.
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PMID:Inhibition of carbohydrate uptake of Onchocerca volvulus infective larvae (L3) by effector cell constituents. 132 84

We investigated small-volume (5 ml/kg) 7% NaCl in 6% dextran 70 (HS/D70) as an alternative to large-volume (60 ml/kg) 0.9% NaCl for treatment of experimentally induced canine gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV) shock. The stomach was surgically displaced and then distended with an intragastric balloon in 11 dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital. All dogs were subjected to GDV for 180 minutes before partial decompression and resuscitation. Hemodynamic values, blood gas values, and plasma volume were measured during control, shock, and resuscitation periods. Resuscitation started with 1 group (n = 6) receiving 5 ml of HS/D70/kg, iv, over 5 minutes, and the other group (n = 5) receiving 60 ml of 0.9% NaCl/kg, IV, over 60 minutes. Both groups received a surgical maintenance dosage (20 ml/kg/h) of 0.9% NaCl after initial resuscitation. Resuscitative effects of small-volume HS/D70 were similar to large-volume 0.9% NaCl during the first hour of treatment; however, cardiac output was significantly higher in the HS/D70 group for the last 2 hours of resuscitation. Changes in heart rate, left ventricular pressure change, and systemic vascular resistance appeared to be responsible for improved perfusion. Mixed venous oxygen partial pressure data supported improved perfusion in the HS/D70 group. Packed cell volume remained higher in the HS/D70 group, indicating less hemodilution and improved oxygen delivery. Resuscitation of this GDV-induced shock model was better sustained with small-volume HS/D70, compared with conventional large-volume 0.9% NaCl.
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PMID:Hypertonic saline/dextran resuscitation of dogs with experimentally induced gastric dilatation-volvulus shock. 170 54

The effects of co-culture with monkey kidney cells (LLCMK2), cell-conditioned medium and decreased atmospheric oxygen on the in vitro molting and viability of infective stage larvae (L3) of Onchocerca lienalis and O. volvulus were examined. O. lienalis L3 were cultured in an RPMI 1640-based medium in the presence of an LLCMK2 cell monolayer or in medium which had been conditioned for three days by cells. In paired experiments cell conditioned medium alone in 95% air/5% CO2 produced molting levels of 54 +/- 14% which increased to 67 +/- 20% in treatments cultured under decreased oxygen; this value equalled the level of molting of worms cocultured with LLCMK2 cells. Worm survival in the three environments was similar. In seven additional experiments using O. lienalis (n = 186), overall levels of 74 +/- 12 percent molting and 75 +/- 7% viability on days 21-33 were obtained. Worms increased in length from 503 +/- 50 mu as L3 to 638 +/- 74 mu as L4 on day 21 (p = 0.0001, n = 42-44). Ultrastructural comparison of an in vitro derived L4, (39 days in culture) vs a vector-derived L3 revealed fewer annulations and decreased osmiophilia on the epicuticle of the L4 while the hypodermis showed increased morphogenetic definition. O. volvulus molted at an average rate of 74% (n = 40) with a mean viability on day 28 of 95%. L3 increased in length from a mean of 635 +/- 50 mu to 775 +/- 45 mu as L4 on day 28 (p = 0.0001). Larvae of both species were cultured under these conditions for periods of time exceeding 100 days.
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PMID:The use of cell-conditioned medium for the in vitro culture of Onchocerca spp. larvae (Nematoda: Filarioidea). 233 42

Gastric distention-volvulus (GDV; at 50 mm of Hg gastric inflation pressure) was experimentally induced in 8 dogs anesthetized using pentobarbital. Hemodynamic indices including heart rate, mean arterial pressure, cardiac output, and coronary blood flow (4 dogs) were measured during a 20-minute period of GDV and for 10 minutes after decompression. Arterial and coronary venous oxygen tensions were also measured for calculation of myocardial oxygen extraction (7 dogs) and myocardial oxygen consumption (4 dogs). Dogs were monitored for 72 hours postoperatively for the occurrence of arrhythmias, then were euthanatized for gross and histologic examination of the heart. Experimental GDV resulted in significant (P less than 0.05) decreases in cardiac output (89%), mean arterial pressure (45%), and coronary blood flow (50%) compared with control values. Myocardial oxygen extraction increased (30%) and overall myocardial oxygen consumption decreased (50%), compared with control values. Evidence of subendocardial necrosis was seen in 6 dogs, 4 of which had developed ventricular arrhythmias 8 to 24 hours postoperatively.
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PMID:Effects of gastric distention-volvulus on coronary blood flow and myocardial oxygen consumption in the dog. 397 Apr 48

Surface oximetry was used to evaluate viability of the ascending colon in 60 horses with naturally occurring colonic volvulus or displacement. Tissue surface oxygen tension (PsO2) was measured on the serosal surface of the pelvic flexure after anatomic correction of the colonic obstruction. Horses with PsO2 > 20 mm of Hg were predicted to have viable colon; whereas, horses with PsO2 < or = 20 mm of Hg were predicted to have nonviable colon. Results of surface oximetry were compared with final outcome. For surface oximetry, sensitivity (ability to accurately identify colon that was nonviable) was 53%, but specificity (ability to accurately identify bowel that was viable) was 100%. Negative predictive value (probability that a horse with PsO2 < or = 20 mm of Hg truly had nonviable bowel) was 87%, and positive predictive value (probability that a horse with PsO2 < or = 20 mm of Hg truly had nonviable bowel) was 100%. The overall accuracy was 88%. Of the 45 horses that had a colonic PsO2 > 20 mm of Hg and survived, 7 had been given, on the basis of subjective assessment of visual criteria, a good prognosis, 28 had been given a guarded prognosis, and 10 had been given a poor prognosis. Of the horses that had a colonic PsO2 > 20 mm of Hg but died after surgery because of further colonic infarction, confirmed at necropsy, 4 had been given a poor prognosis, and 3 had been given a guarded prognosis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Surface oximetry for intraoperative assessment of colonic viability in horses. 806 1

Three recently introduced anthelmintic agents, the macrocyclic lactone, ivermectin, the amoscanate derivative CGP 6140 and the benzothiazole compound CGP 20376, were investigated for their in vitro modulatory effects on eosinophilic effector cells. The investigation comprised studies on the generation of the toxic oxygen intermediates superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide which are major effector products of granulocytes. Eosinophils were obtained from 19 patients infected with the filarial parasite Onchocerca volvulus. Inhibitory effects on the generation of toxic oxygen intermediates were demonstrated for ivermectin and CGP 20376 at concentrations higher than 200 ng/ml (0.5 microM) and for CGP 6140 at concentrations higher than 1000 ng/ml (2.7 microM). An increased production of the reactive oxygen metabolites was demonstrated at low doses of ivermectin (20-40 ng/ml; corresponding to 0.02-0.04 microM) and CGP 6140 (40-100 ng/ml; 0.1-0.3 microM), respectively. The results reveal a dual, dose-dependent modulatory in vitro effect of the investigated anthelmintic drugs on the respiratory burst of eosinophilic effector cells indicating that these compounds may modulate host defense in vivo.
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PMID:Modulatory effects of antifilarial drugs ivermectin, CGP 6140 and CGP 20376 on the oxidative burst of eosinophilic granulocytes. 809 7

Onchocerca volvulus, a human parasitic nematode, is the third leading cause of preventable blindness worldwide. This study describes the molecular cloning of a novel superoxide dismutase (SOD) from the parasite. This putative O. volvulus extracellular SOD (OvEcSOD) is 628 nucleotides (nt) long, including a 22-nt 5' spliced leader (SL1) and a portion encoding an N-terminal hydrophobic 42-amino-acid signal peptide. The remainder of the cDNA shares 71% identity with an O. volvulus cytosolic SOD sequence and is 3 nt longer. All residues involved in metal ion binding, active site formation, folding, and dimer formation in SODs are conserved. Data indicate the OvEcSOD and O. volvulus cytosolic SOD are separate gene products and that the OvEcSOD appears to possess the characteristics of a membrane-bound or secreted enzyme which may be involved in the parasite defense against phagocyte-generated reactive oxygen species.
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PMID:Molecular cloning of an Onchocerca volvulus extracellular Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase. 830 Feb 30

Parasite-derived antioxidant proteins have been implicated in playing an important role in protection against the oxygen radicals that are generated during aerobic metabolism and in defense against host immune cell attack. Here we report that filarial nematodes include the thioredoxin peroxidase/thiol-specific antioxidant (TPx/TSA) family of antioxidant proteins as part of their complex defense against radical-mediated damage. At the protein level, the TPx/TSA from Brugia malayi (Bm-TPx-1) was approximately 50% identical and approximately 60% similar to TPx/TSAs from mammals, amphibians and yeast. Bm-TPx-1 was also approximately 60% identical to putative TPx proteins from a related filarial nematode, Onchocerca volvulus, and from the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. That B. malayi may express multiple forms of molecules with TPx/TSA activity was indicated by the identification of a B. malayi gene encoding a second, distinct member of the TPx/TSA family (Bm-tpx-2). Bm-tpx-1 was found to be transcribed in all stages of the parasite present in the mammalian host and the 25 kDa translation product was present in all of the developmental stages studied. The results of immunohistochemical, immunofluorescent and immunoprecipitation studies showed Bm-TPx-1 to be localized in the cells of the hypodermis/lateral chord in adult parasites and not to be present at the surface or in excretory/secretory products. The distribution in the parasite suggests that Bm-TPx-1 may play its major role in countering radicals produced within cells. A recombinant form of Bm-TPx-1 was biologically active and capable of protecting DNA from oxygen radical-mediated damage. Thioredoxin peroxidases may prove to be a critical component in the parasite's defense against injury caused by oxygen radicals derived from endogenous and exogenous sources.
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PMID:Thioredoxin peroxidases from Brugia malayi. 956 15

Pneumatosis intestinalis is defined as the presence of gas within the bowel wall. Small bowel pneumatosis is less commonly reported and more severe than colonic disease in adults. Pneumatosis coli is characterised by multiple collections of encysted gas occurring within the sub-mucosa and subserosa of the colon and rectum. It is an uncommon condition which typically presents in late middle age and has been associated with a number of gastrointestinal (e.g. pyloric stenosis, sigmoid volvulus and ischaemic bowel) and non-gastrointestinal (e.g. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, depression and multiple sclerosis) diseases. Some cases, however, are idiopathic or primary. Symptoms can include diarrhoea, constipation, mucus per rectum, bleeding, flatus, abdominal pain and, rarely, faecal incontinence. We report on two patients, one of whom presented with faecal incontinence, the other who had troublesome lower gastrointestinal symptoms including faecal incontinence. Both responded well to continuous oxygen therapy.
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PMID:Pneumatosis coli: an uncommon but treatable cause of faecal incontinence. 1062 93


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