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Query: UMLS:C0042961 (volvulus)
 4,305 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Experimental closed loop small intestinal volvulus was studied in the anesthetized horse. Volvulus was simulated by ligation of the mesenterial veins to a segment of small intestine. Physical signs and hemodynamic, hematologic, clinical chemical, bacteriologic and peritoneal fluid values were examined. Compared to conscious horses anesthesia highly delayed and modified the clinical signs of shock (changes in mucosal colour, dehydration, decreased skin temperature, elevated pulse rate, low blood pressures) and of small intestinal volvulus (altered peristalsis, gastric dilation). Plasma glucose response to shock was also modified by unconsciousness. However, a dose response relationship was indicated between the extent of small intestinal damage and clinical symptoms. The same was applicable to changes in blood pressures, blood acid-base balance, lactate, potassium, chloride, glucose, inorganic phosphorus, creatinine, creatine kinase, red blood cell and total white blood cell counts and serum total protein. The relationship was also indicated in the following peritoneal fluid values: volume, lactate, pH, total white cell counts, alkaline phosphatase and bacteriology. Changes related to shock (insufficient tissue perfusion) were low blood pressures and metabolic acidosis due to anaerobic glycolysis with accumulation of lactic acid. Also low plasma glucose and elevated plasma potassium, creatinine, inorganic phosphorus and creatine kinase were regarded as consequences of shock.
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PMID:Simulated small intestinal volvulus in the anesthetized horse. 52 13

Fifty-one children under the age of 10 years admitted to a general hospital in Trinidad had a confirmed diagnosis of malrotation of the intestines. This was the primary diagnosis in 20 cases. Analysis of the records of these 20 revealed that one-half were less than 1 month of age at first presentation. Vomiting was a universal complaint, and nearly two-thirds were malnourished. Disturbed bowel habit, anorexia and abdominal pain were also reported. In 30% (six of 20) there were signs of dehydration; an equal number had features of intestinal obstruction. Radiological investigation provided the diagnosis in all but one child, who underwent surgical exploration with a provisional diagnosis of appendicitis. Although a volvulus was found in 35% of cases, no resections were necessary. A high rate of morbidity and a mortality rate of 15% highlight the problems involved in the surgical care of young infants.
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PMID:Intestinal malrotation in Trinidad. 140 41

Significant differences exist in the prevalence of most gastroenterological emergencies in tropical compared with temperate countries. Both ethnic and environmental (often clearly defined geographically) factors are relevant. The major oesophageal lesions which can present acutely in tropical countries are varices and carcinoma; bleeding and obstruction are important sequelae. Peptic ulcer disease (and its complications), often associated (not necessarily causally) with Helicobacter pylori infection, has marked geographical variations in incidence. Emergencies involving the small intestine are dominated by severe dehydration, and its sequelae, resulting from secretory diarrhoea, most notably cholera. However, enteritis necroticans ('pig bel' disease), paralytic ileus (sometimes caused by antiperistaltic agents) and obstruction (secondary to luminal helminths, volvulus and intussusception) are other important problems, especially in infants and children. Enteric fever is occasionally complicated by perforation and haemorrhage; the former (which is notoriously difficult to manage) is accompanied by significant mortality. Ileocaecal tuberculosis is a major cause of right iliac fossa pathology--sometimes associated with malabsorption; amoeboma is an important clinical differential diagnosis. The colon can be involved in invasive Entamoeba histolytica infection (which, like complicated enteric fever, is difficult to manage if the fulminant form, with perforation, ensues), shigellosis, volvulus and intussusception. Acute colonic dilatation occasionally follows Salmonella sp., Shigella sp., Campylobacter jejuni, Yersinia enterocolitica and rarely E. histolytica infections. Acute hepatocellular failure is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the tropics and subtropics. It usually results from viral hepatitis (HBV, sometimes complicated by HDV, and HCV), but there is a long list of differential diagnoses. Hepatotoxicity resulting from herbs, chemotherapeutic agents or alcohol also occurs not infrequently. Chronic liver disease and its sequelae (often long-term results of viral hepatitis) are commonplace. Haematemesis and hepatocellular failure are usually very difficult to manage due to a lack of sophisticated support techniques in developing countries. Invasive hepatic amoebiasis usually responds well to medical management; however, spontaneous perforation can occur and the consequences of this are serious. Pyogenic liver abscess, although far less common than amoebic 'abscess', carries a bad prognosis whatever the method(s) of management. Hydatidosis and schistosomiasis also involve the liver, and helminthiases are important in the context of biliary tract disease. Gall stones are unusual in most tropical settings. Acute pancreatitis is overall unusual, but chronic calcific pancreatitis can present as an acute abdominal emergency.
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PMID:Gastroenterological emergencies in the tropics. 176 26

Many disorders of the calf's gastrointestinal tract require surgical intervention if a successful outcome is to be obtained. The most common abnormalities in this category are abomasal volvulus, abomasal ulcers, small intestinal accidents, and atresia of the spiral colon. These can be differentiated by the age of the animal at presentation and a careful physical examination. Special considerations in neonatal gastrointestinal surgery include: ensuring adequate serum immunoglobulin status, rapid treatment of dehydration and hypoglycemia, and consideration of the inheritability of any corrected defects. Prompt attention to metabolic disturbances and correction of the abnormalities are essential for a successful outcome.
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PMID:Surgery of the neonatal bovine digestive tract. 220 May 77

Congenital chloride diarrhoea (CCD) is an inherited inborn error of metabolism. Hydramnios, premature birth, no passage of meconium and a distended abdomen are the typical features of this disease in the neonate. Loss of Cl- from the intestines leads to urine-like diarrhoea, severe dehydration and alkalosis. Without treatment the mortality rate is high. The abdominal distension may erroneously be ascribed to an intestinal obstruction and thereby lead to unnecessary operations and delay of adequate treatment. There is an overrepresentation of intestinal volvulus in reported cases. Three of the five cases of CCD seen at our departments exemplify these surgical implications.
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PMID:Surgical implications of congenital chloride diarrhoea. 663 23

In 368 cows with various abomasal disorders--left abomasal displacement (LAD), right abomasal displacement (RAD), abomasal volvulus (AV) and abomasal impaction (vagal indigestion)--the degree of dehydration was compared with electrolytes and acid-base status of the cows. No clinical symptom of dehydration was observed in 62% of cases with LAD and 43% of cases with RAD. The cows were moderately and severely dehydrated in 86% of the cases with AV and 84% with abomasal impaction. Hypochloremic alkalosis was observed in cows with LAD only when the cows were severely dehydrated, but cows with RAD revealed less electrolytes and acid-base abnormalities despite the increase in the dehydration score. In cows with AV, the acid-base status could not be predicted by the degree of dehydration. Profound hypokalemia and hypochloremia were observed in cows with abomasal impaction for all dehydration states. These findings indicated that hypochloremic alkalosis could be predicted in cows with abomasal impaction for all dehydration states and in LAD cases with marked dehydration, but not in RAD cases.
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PMID:Relationship between degree of dehydration and serum electrolytes and acid-base status in cows with various abomasal disorders. 749 42

Eighty-two children (47 boys and 35 girls) underwent surgery for a variety of causes resulting in volvulus. There were 20 neonates, 13 infants, 34 patients aged 1 to 5 years, and 15 children above 5 years of age. The majority (88%) of the patients were admitted in a state of shock and dehydration. Peritoneal signs were present in 74% of the patients. The resection rate was 61%. A high mortality rate of 38% was encountered, which was attributed to septicemia, shock, and multiorgan failure. The preventive health programs that are being actively implemented together with the improvements made in the transport and referral systems have fortunately resulted in much-improved survival rates in the recent few years.
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PMID:Intestinal volvulus: an experience in a developing country. 762 27

Medical records of 35 cattle with small-intestinal volvulus were reviewed. Surgical correction was performed on 32 cattle, and 17 of these cattle were discharged from the hospital. Mean duration of clinical signs for survivors was not significantly different from that for nonsurvivors, and the most commonly recorded clinical signs were abdominal pain, anorexia, lethargy, abdominal distention, and dehydration. Physical examination of cattle with intestinal volvulus revealed tachycardia, tachypnea, and normothermia. Rectal examination findings included distended small intestine, scant feces or mucus, and tight bands coursing dorsoventrally in the middle portion of the abdomen. Clinicopathologic testing revealed azotemia, hypocalcemia, hyperglycemia, and leukocytosis with a left shift. Nonsurvivors had significantly lower mean preoperative venous blood pH and mean base excess and higher mean serum potassium concentration than did survivors. A diagnosis of volvulus of the entire small intestine was made during surgery in 25 cattle, whereas volvulus of the distal jejunum and ileum was diagnosed during surgery in 7 cattle. Survival rate following surgical correction of volvulus of the entire small intestine (44%) was not significantly different from survival rate following surgical correction of volvulus of the distal jejunum and ileum (86%). However, survival rate for dairy cattle (63%) was significantly higher than survival rate for beef cattle (22%). To determine potential risk factors for the development of small-intestinal volvulus, epidemiologic data from cattle admitted to veterinary teaching hospitals throughout North America were collected by searching records entered into the Veterinary Medical Data Base.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Small-intestinal volvulus in cattle: 35 cases (1967-1992). 824 69

A report is given about 462 cases (1989-1994) of abomasal displacement (RDA, n = 275) and abomasal volvulus (AV, n = 187) in cattle. The pathogenesis and the functional disturbances of abomasal hypotony, displacement, and volvulus are described. A right and dorsally displaced abomasum easily performs an additional rotation around a vertical axis. In 99% of all cases this rotation is performed to the left (counter-clockwise, seen from rear) and the duodenum twines round the abomasal fundus, where it is compressed and trapped between the abomasum and the omasum. The intestinal passage becomes obstructed. As long as the abomasal twist does not exceed 180 degrees, functional disturbances are caused mainly by a reduced abomasal outflow, resulting in dehydration and in disturbances of blood acid-base-balance (hypochloremic alcalosis). These cases have a very good prognosis (success of treatment 91.3%), when surgery is performed immediately. When the twist of the abomasum exceeds 180 degrees (abomasal volvulus), the twine gets more contracted, strangulating the abomasal nerves and blood vessels. Serious cases like this (n = 136) were treated successfully in 64.7%. When the abomasal volvulus is complicated by an omasal (RDAO, n = 31) or an omasal and reticular involvement (RDAOR, n = 20) the success of therapy decreases to about 40%.
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PMID:[Right displacement of the abomasum in cattle. 1. Pathogenesis, clinical course and prognosis]. 857 66

In developed countries, intestinal volvulus in children is most frequently due to malrotation. To review the experience in Nigeria, a retrospective analysis of 28 patients managed over 25 years at the Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria, was undertaken. There were 22 boys and 6 girls with an age range of 4 days to 14 years (median 4 years). There were equal numbers over and less than 5 years of age. Vomiting (89%) and abdominal distension (79%) were the most prominent features. Thirteen children (46%) had fever, associated with bowel gangrene in 5, while 8 (29%) presented with severe dehydration and shock. A plain abdominal radiograph was the only investigation performed, but the features were not specific for volvulus. In 11 children (39%) the volvulus was idiopathic, in 9 (32%) due to adhesions or bands, in 5 (18%) to malrotation, and in 1 each a Meckel's diverticulum, internal herniation, and ventriculoperitoneal shunt. Twenty-three patients had a small-bowel, 4 sigmoid, and 1 caecal volvulus. The bowel resection rate for gangrene was 46% (small bowel 9, sigmoid 3, caecum 1). All patients with malrotation had Ladd's procedure performed. Wound infections occurred in 10 patients (36%), complete wound dehiscence in 1, and recurrence in 1 (idiopathic terminal ileal volvulus). The mortality was 21%, mostly from overwhelming infection (2 neonates, 11-year-old, 3 >/= 5 years). Intestinal volvulus in our environment differs in aetiology from other reports. The resection rates are similar, however. This condition carries high morbidity and mortality.
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PMID:Intestinal volvulus: aetiology, morbidity, and mortality in Nigerian children. 1066 35


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