Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0042373 (vascular disease)
 17,070 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are direct connections between arteries and veins associated with loss of the intervening capillary bed. In the lungs, pulmonary AVMs can result in right to left shunts and severe cyanosis and dyspnoea. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying AVM formation are poorly understood. One important clue comes from the fact that pulmonary AVMs frequently occur in the familial disease hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT), which is associated with mutations in one of two receptors involved in transforming growth factor-beta family signalling, either endoglin (ENG) or activin receptor-like kinase 1 (ACVRL1, also known as ALK1). To elucidate the potential link between ENG or ACVRL1 deficiency and AVM formation in HHT, we performed a comprehensive study of Acvrl1 and Eng expression in wild-type and Eng-deficient (Eng+/-) mouse lungs using a combination of immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR from laser-microdissected arteries, veins and capillaries. We found that Eng and Acvrl1 have distinct expression profiles in the pulmonary vasculature and are only co-expressed in the distal (pre-capillary) arteries, distal veins and capillaries, consistent with the tendency for pulmonary AVMs to form in the distal pulmonary vessels in HHT. Downstream pSmad1/5/8 activity was found in the distal arteries and was specifically reduced in Eng+/- mice, consistent with previous in vitro data showing that Eng promotes Acvrl1-mediated Smad1/5/8 phosphorylation. Eng was more widely expressed than Acvrl1 in the lungs, as Eng alone was found in pulmonary veins, potentially explaining the increased frequency of AVMs in HHT1 patients. Furthermore, the association of ACVRL1 mutations with a second vascular disease, familial pulmonary artery hypertension, underlines the importance of ACVRL1 expression in the distal arteries that are affected in this disorder.
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PMID:Endoglin and activin receptor-like-kinase 1 are co-expressed in the distal vessels of the lung: implications for two familial vascular dysplasias, HHT and PAH. 1901 42

Portopulmonary hypertension is an uncommon but treatable pulmonary vascular consequence of portal hypertension, which can lead to significant morbidity and mortality. Portopulmonary hypertension results from excessive pulmonary vasoconstriction and vascular remodeling that eventually leads to right-heart failure and death if left untreated. Although pulmonary vascular disease in these patients may be asymptomatic or associated with subtle and nonspecific symptoms (dyspnea, fatigue and lower extremity swelling), it should be looked for especially if patients are potential candidates for liver transplantation. Patients with clinical suspicion of portopulmonary hypertension should undergo screening testing, specifically echocardiography. Right heart catheterization remains the gold standard for the diagnosis. The existence of moderate to severe disease poses higher risks and challenges for liver transplantation. The disease has a substantial impact on survival and requires focused pharmacological therapy. New and evolving medical therapies, such as prostanoids (intravenous, inhaled or oral), endothelin receptors antagonists, phosphodiesterases inhibitors, combination therapy and other experimental drugs might change the natural course of the disease. Case reports and cases series have been published regarding the efficacy and safety of pharmacological therapy, but randomized, controlled multicenter trials are urgently needed. Liver transplantation is not the treatment of choice for portopulmonary hypertension, but after optimal hemodynamic and clinical improvement with medical therapy as a bridge, liver transplant can be considered an option in selected patients.
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PMID:Portopulmonary hypertension: state of the art. 1903 31

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rare pulmonary vascular disease. PAH includes idiopathic, familial and associated forms of PAH. The minimal prevalence in the adult French general population is 15 cases per million. PAH must be separated from pulmonary hypertension due to left heart diseases, chronic lung diseases and chronic venous thrombo-embolic disease. Idiopathic PAH mostly affects people in their 4th and 5th decades, mainly females, occasionally children and the elderly are affected. Despite major improvement of pharmaceutical treatments during the last 10 years, PAH still bears a poor prognosis. Five-year survival rates are below 75% in patients under appropriate therapy. Main prognostic factors are the level of dyspnoea on exertion, the degree of exercise impairment and signs (clinical and haemodynamic) of right heart failure. When these signs of poor prognosis are persistent treatments must be optimized.
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PMID:[Clinical classification and epidemiology of pulmonary arterial hypertension]. 1914 70

Tiotropium bromide is a once-daily inhaled anticholinergic bronchodilator. It works by blocking the muscarinic receptors in airway smooth muscle. Tiotropium has a wide therapeutic margin, due to its poor gastrointestinal absorption and its very low systemic bioavailability. The drug is mainly indicated in COPD patients. Clinically relevant outcomes such as significant improvements in spirometry, hyperinflation, dyspnea, heath status, acute exacerbations and mortality have been consistently observed in tiotropium clinical trials, and the drug has been shown to reduce the risk of mortality due to cardiac-vascular disease and respiratory failure. The main side effect reported is dryness of the mouth. Some subgroups of asthmatics also seem to respond to anticholinergic drugs: among them, those with the Arg/Arg genotype for the beta2-adrenergic receptor and those with a high percentage of neutrophils in sputum.
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PMID:Tiotropium bromide: an update. 1946

Although infectiological stimuli, environmental factors and genotypic features are known to contribute to the initiation and perpetuation of systemic sclerosis (SSc), its etiology still remains to be enigmatic, and less elusive insights are to be achieved by ongoing and future investigations. Being characterized, however, as chronic autoimmune disease with excessive collagen accumulation in skin, synovia and visceral organs such as lung, heart, and digestive tract along with obliterating angiopathy, the pathophysiology of SSc can be summarized as being based on imbalances of the cellular and humoral immune system, vascular dysfunction and activation of resident connective tissue cells. A complex interplay between these major components manages to establish and maintain the inability of the vasculature to adequately react to the need for dilatation, constriction and growth of new vessels, to cause the increased deposition of extracellular matrix constituents as well as to facilitate immunological disarrangement. Despite parallels to the chicken and egg causality dilemma, all of these account for what later clinicians observe in patients suffering from Raynaud's phenomenon, digital ulcers, sclerodactyly, rigidity of the face, microstomia, sicca syndrome, dyspnea, dry cough, pulmonary hypertension, palpitations, syncopes, renal insufficiency, dysphagia, gastroesophageal reflux, dyspepsia, generalized arthralgias, but also dyspareunia, or erectile dysfunction.
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PMID:The pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis revisited. 2008 91

Patients suffering from severe chronic liver disease, in particular cirrhosis, are at risk for pulmonary complications. The leading clinical symptom is shortness of breath, which can accompany the actual disease as indirect effect because of anemia, faint muscles or ascites. On the other hand, dyspnea can have multiple additive causes in case of accompanying cardial or pulmonary disease. The hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) and the portopulmonary hypertension (PoPH) belong to the most relevant pulmonary complications in liver cirrhosis. HPS appears to be more common than PoPH and the presence of either entity increases morbidity and mortality in patients with liver disease. The two diseases have to be strictly distinguished, as they have opposed histological and pathophysiological origin. While the HPS is a dilatative pulmonary- vascular disease, the PoPH is a constrictive or obliterative pulmonary-vascular disease in the context of a liver disease or a portal hypertension. Therefore, these diseases are separate entities also when it comes to diagnostics and therapy.
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PMID:[Pulmonary affection in advanced liver disease - hepatepulonary syndrome and portopulmonary hypertension]. 2124 May 91

Mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is more often due to cardiac rather than respiratory causes. The coexistence of heart failure (HF) and COPD is frequent but remains under-diagnosed. Both conditions share several similarities including the age of the population affected, a common risk factor in smoking and symptoms of exertional dyspnoea. There is also a strong possibility of COPD promoting atherosclerotic vascular disease through systemic inflammation. Both the conditions are punctuated by episodes of acute exacerbations of symptoms from time to time where differentiation between these two can be especially challenging. Although coexistence of the two is common, more often, only one of the two is diagnosed resulting in under-treatment and unsatisfactory response. Awareness of co-occurrence is essential among both pulmonologists and cardiologists and a high index of suspicion should be maintained. The coexistence of the COPD and HF also poses several challenges in management. Active search for the second disease using clinical examination supplemented with specialised investigations including plasma natriuretic peptides, lung function testing and echocardiography should be carried out followed by appropriate management. Issues such as adverse effects of drugs on cardiac or pulmonary function need to be sorted out by studies in coexistent COPD-HF patients. Caution is advised with use of beta2-agonists in COPD when HF is also present, more so in acute exacerbations. On current evidence, the beneficial effects of selective beta1-blockers should not be denied in stable patients who have coexistent COPD-HF. The prognosis of coexistent COPD and HF is poorer than that in either disease alone. A favourable response in the patient with coexistent COPD and HF depends on proper evaluation of the severity of each of the two and appropriate management with judicious use of medication.
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PMID:Coexistent chronic obstructive pulmonary disease-heart failure: mechanisms, diagnostic and therapeutic dilemmas. 2130

Therapy with sildenafil has been shown to decrease pulmonary vascular resistance and may improve functional status in patients with interstitial pneumonia (IP) and pulmonary hypertension (PH). Patients with IP and PH defined by a mean pulmonary artery pressure (MPAP) of > or = 25mm Hg on right-heart catheterization were followed up in an open-label study of sildenafil. A multilateral evaluation was conducted before, and after 3 months of therapy. We studied 11 patients [8 men and 3 women, mean age 66.5] 6 of whom had IPF (1 with usual interstitial pneumonia {UIP}), 2 with IIP, and 3 with collagen-vascular disease interstitial pneumonia (CVD-IP). The mean modified Medical Research Council (MRC) score was 3.0 +/- 0.89, baseline dyspnea index (BDI) score was 4.5 +/- 1.9, % VC was 58.7 +/- 15.6%, percentage of carbon monoxide diffusing capacity (%DLco) was 20.0 +/- 10.9%, six-minute walk distance (6MWD) was 269.8 +/- 105.5m, shuttle walking test (SWT) was 179.1 +/- 99.7m, St. George Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) was 70.9 +/- 15.6, mean pulmonary artery pressure (MPAP) was 33.8 +/- 7.61mm Hg, and pulmonary vascular resistance index (PVRI) was 658.9 +/- 236.1 dynes x s x cm(-5) x m2. After 3 months of therapy, improvements in BDI (< or = -1), 6MWD (> or = 20%), SWT (> or = 20%), and SGRQ (< or = -7) were observed in 4, 2, 3, and 6 patients, respectively. Improvements in MPAP (< or = - 20%) and PVRI (< or = -20%) were observed in 2 and 3 patients, respectively. No parameter showed statistically significant differences. We conclude that sildenafil may improve dyspnea, exercise tolerance and health-related quality of life (QOL) in some IP patients with PH.
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PMID:[Clinical efficacy of sildenafil in interstitial pneumonia with pulmonary hypertension]. 2148 45

Neurofibromatosis type I (NF1) is a rare genetic disease caused by mutations in the NF1 gene, which codes for tumor suppressor neurofibromin. NF1 is transmitted as an autosomal dominant and fully penetrant trait with no sex predominance. Precapillary pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a severe complication of NF1, initially described in patients with advanced parenchymal lung disease, which may complicate the course of NF1. We conducted this study to describe clinical, functional, radiologic, and hemodynamic characteristics and outcome of patients with NF1-associated PH. We identified 8 new cases of NF1-associated PH in patients carrying a NF1 gene mutation. No bone morphogenic protein receptor 2 (BMPR2) point mutation or large size rearrangements were identified. Seven female patients and 1 male patient were reported, suggesting a possible female predominance. PH occurred late in the course of the disease (median age, 62 yr; range, 53-68 yr). Dyspnea and signs of right heart failure were the major symptoms leading to the diagnosis of PH. At diagnosis, patients had severe hemodynamic impairment with low cardiac index (median, 2.3 L/min per m2; range, 1.9-4.7) and elevated indexed pulmonary vascular resistance (median, 15.1 mm Hg/L/min per m2; range, 4.5-25.9). All patients were in New York Heart Association functional class III with severe exercise limitation (median 6-min walk distance, 180 m; range, 60-375 m). Most patients had associated parenchymal lung disease, but some had no or mild lung involvement with disproportionate pulmonary vascular disease. Overall, the impact of PH therapy was limited and outcomes were poor. In conclusion, PH represents a rare but severe complication of NF1, characterized by female predominance, late onset in the course of NF1, and severe functional and hemodynamic impairment. Because of poor outcome and limited impact of specific PH therapy, eligible patients require early referral for lung transplantation. Further studies are needed to better understand the pathophysiology and the role, if any, of neurofibromin in NF1-associated PH.
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PMID:Pulmonary hypertension in patients with neurofibromatosis type I. 2151 13

Detected in 30% of COPD patients and underdiagnosed, COPD must be systematically investigated in all about 40 years-old smokers, without waiting for clinical symptoms, late and inconstant. The diagnosis is made with spirometry. Search for a status of "frequent exacerbations", co-morbidities (including cardio-vascular disease), evaluation of dyspnea intensity with a scale (MRC), assessment of disease impact on daily life, allow to identify risk groups and to target the therapeutic management overall. Pulmonary rehabilitation, in addition to medication, improves dyspnea, and decreases the impact of COPD on daily life.
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PMID:[When to consider COPD and how to assess it?]. 2182 26


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