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Query: UMLS:C0042109 (urticaria)
 6,569 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The patch test and chamber test are the ordinary methods for detecting delayed type contact allergies. The method, test substances and criteria of positive reactions are already well standardized. Open testing is also used for problematic chemicals such as strong topical medicaments, emulsifiers and propylene glycol. The many problems of standardization are still unresolved in photocutaneous testing. Some chemicals are applied to the skin without occlusion, though the chamber test or patch test methods are used with most of them. The composition of the vehicle and occlusion time vary greatly from one photosensitizing substance to another. A xenon arc is recommended for screening any photosensitizers but fluorescent black light tubes are sufficient for routine clinical use. Type I contact allergies are far more common than was previously believed, especially among people allergic to birch pollen. This type of reaction and other forms of contact urticaria can be examined using the scratch chamber or scarification chamber techniques as well as with an open test on diseased or scratched (scarified) skin.
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PMID:Epicutaneous testing. 37 15

Allergic sensitization due to corticosteroids seldom occur and are compound-specific, as a rule. They induce various clinical features, in particular urticaria, different exanthematous reactions and contact dermatitis as shown by our observations in 10 patients with prednisolone-allergy. In three cases a simultaneous allergy due to methylprednisolone was found. Impairment of the features or alterations in the clinical morphology after the application of prednisolone suggest the diagnosis, which can be confirmed by means of the scratch and epicutaneous testing and in one patient by the oral exposure, additionally. In addition a delayed-type sensitization to propylene glycol could be proved in three cases, and the same was with romulgin and parabens in one case each. Dexamethasone was used and tolerated as alternative and emergency medication in equivalent doses.
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PMID:[Allergic reactions of the immediate and delayed type following prednisolone medication]. 252 68

In a prospective, randomized study of 16 volunteers, a new galenic formulation of the induction hypnotic etomidate in lipid emulsion was compared with the commercial form in propylene glycol (Hypnomidate). After 0.3 mg/kg etomidate plasma levels (HPLC) and hypnotic effects (visual EEG analysis) of both formulations were almost identical. Onset of action occurred after 41.6 s in the propylene glycol group (group I) and 35.6 s in the lipid emulsion group (group II). The hypnotic effect (greater than or equal to D0) lasted 7 min 20 s in group I and 6 min in group II. Plasma levels in group I decreased from 630 ng/ml after 2 min to 170 after 8 min and 37 after 130 min. With group II the plasma levels decreased from 770 ng/ml after 2 min to 150 after 8 min and 42 after 130 min (Fig. 1). In the propylene glycol experiment, 4 of 8 volunteers reported pain on injection. Within 7 days 4 persons developed phlebitis or thrombophlebitis. One showed signs of an allergic reaction (urticaria). With the new formulation of etomidate in lipid emulsion, neither venous sequelae nor allergic reactions were observed in any of the 8 volunteers (Table 2).
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PMID:[A new formulation of etomidate in lipid emulsion--bioavailability and venous provocation]. 267 69

Evaluation of dermatitis associated with propylene glycol application or ingestion remains a challenge. The research dealing with skin reactions to propylene glycol is revisited and new aspects for future research are outlined. Based on literature review and our own observations, we propose classifying skin reactions to propylene glycol into 4 mechanisms: (a) irritant contact dermatitis, (b) allergic contact dermatitis, (c) non-immunologic contact urticaria, and (d) subjective or sensory irritation. This concept allows a partial explanation of effects observed by different authors. Despite attempts to define objective criteria, biologically, histopathologically, or clinically, the distinction between irritant and allergic reactions remains unclear. Furthermore, the irritation threshold of propylene glycol, and likewise the optimal standard concentration in patch tests, is sub judice. Future studies on propylene glycol dermatitis should include repeated patch tests with serial dose dilutions, repeated open application tests/provocative use tests, oral challenge tests, and biopsies for a more complete evaluation of mechanisms and clinical significance.
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PMID:Propylene glycol dermatitis: re-evaluation of an old problem. 784 79

Allergic contact dermatitis caused by acyclovir is rare. We report the 5th case of systemic acyclovir reaction subsequent to acyclovir contact dermatitis, with investigations made to determine an alternative antiviral treatment. A 23-year-old woman, after dermatitis while using Zovirax cream, went on to develop urticaria after oral acyclovir. Patch tests were performed with the components of Zovirax cream (acyclovir, propylene glycol and sodium lauryl sulfate) and with other antiviral drugs. Patch tests were positive to Zovirax cream, acyclovir, valacyclovir and propylene glycol. Patch and prick tests with famciclovir were negative, but its oral administration caused an itchy erythematous dermatitis on the trunk and extremities. Our patient developed a systemic acyclovir reaction subsequent to acyclovir allergic contact dermatitis, with cross-reactions to valacyclovir and famciclovir. Their common chemical structure is the 2-aminopurine nucleus. It is probably this part of the molecule that provokes both contact allergy and systemic reactions. The only antiviral drugs not having this core are foscarnet and cidofovir, and these could therefore be alternatives.
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PMID:Systemic acyclovir reaction subsequent to acyclovir contact allergy: which systemic antiviral drug should then be used? 1467 12