Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0042109 (urticaria)
 6,569 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The origin of the word condom is the subject of some debate, but the use of a linen sheath as a preventive measure for venereal disease was noted in the writings of Fallopius in 1564. In recent years condom sales have increased, and in a sample of San Francisco male homosexuals consistent condom use was reported to have increased from 26% to 79% between 1984 and 1987. Condom sales in drugstores increased by over 20% from 1986 to 1987, with women being responsible for an estimated 40-50% of US purchases. Studies suggest a failure rate of 2-15/100 couples using condoms. Failure rates for 1st-year users average about 12%, but consistent and correct condom use theoretically results in approximately a 2% failure rate. Mean breakage rates ranging from 0% to 13% have been reported. Both epidemiological and laboratory studies have demonstrated that latex condoms are effective mechanical barriers to important viral transmissions including HIV, herpes simplex virus (HSV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and cytomegalovirus (CMV), as well as bacteria such as Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhea. Condoms are safe to use, particularly in view of the fact that AIDS is now 1 of the 5 leading causes of death for women ages 15-44. An important contraindication, however, is the presence of latex allergy, potentially leading to contact urticaria or manifestations of anaphylaxis. The female condom shows promise for placing personal protection increasingly under the control of women. Condom promotion in the US with education at both public and individual levels could emulate developed and developing countries that have promoted condom use with marketing and mass-media techniques, as well conspicuous and aggressive distribution methods. Nursing is involved in program efforts aimed at enhancing condom use and nurses can be effective in encouraging clients to use condoms to protect themselves.
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PMID:Condoms as primary prevention in sexually active women. 140 10

Cutaneous reactions, including acne, pruritus, urticaria, and nail dyschromia, have been associated with zidovudine use. Cutaneous leukocytoclastic vasculitis is characterized by distinctive patterns of dermal perivascular inflammation without visceral involvement. We treated two cases of cutaneous leukocytoclastic vasculitis associated with fever in patients with severe human immunodeficiency virus-related immunodeficiency in which symptoms resolved on withdrawal of zidovudine therapy and recurred after rechallenge with the drug. This unusual hypersensitivity reaction to zidovudine is probably related to the immune dysregulation and the propensity toward allergic phenomena found in human immunodeficiency virus infection.
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PMID:Zidovudine-induced leukocytoclastic vasculitis. 155 46

Plasmapheresis represents a new and powerful treatment for solar urticaria and has been performed in a couple of patients so far. Since therapeutic responses have been observed exclusively in cases exhibiting a pathogenetically important serum factor, plasmapheresis seems to work specifically by elimination of this photoallergen. It is easy to demonstrate a serum factor by in vitro irradiation of the patient's serum and subsequent autologous reinjection into the skin, inducing the generation of wheals. In contrast to transfer tests, this method does not bear the risk of HIV infection. In view of the extreme difficulty in administering conventional therapy for solar urticaria, the present encouraging results suggest that plasmapheresis should be considered in patients who show a serum factor.
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PMID:[Plasmapheresis in light urticaria. A rational therapy concept in cases with a proven serum factor]. 280 15

We extend our previous documentation that epitopes of HIV regulatory proteins tat, rev, and nef are expressed in tissue from uninfected individuals by the immunohistochemical analysis of normal skin (n = 10) and skin in some selected inflammatory dermatoses including urticaria (n = 6), systemic lupus erythematosus (n = 6), and atopic dermatitis (affected skin, n = 10, and after epicutaneous patch test for allergens, n = 8). A rabbit antibody to HIV-2 tat did not show immunolabeling of skin. Blood vessel endothelium was immunolabeled by one of two antibodies applied to HIV-1 tat, by an antibody to HIV-1 rev, and by two antibodies to HIV-1 nef. In addition one of the anti-nef antibodies labeled Langerhans cells. The anti-rev antibody labeled Langerhans cells and melanocytes in the epidermis, and dendritic cells in the dermis. The labeling of these skin components did not differ in prevalence between controls and groups of dermatosis. For other components, diseased skin conditions especially atopic dermatitis showed additional labeling. In affected skin, keratinocytes were labeled by antibodies to rev and one of two antibodies to nef. Skin after epicutaneous allergen patch testing also showed a statistically significantly increased prevalence of immunolabeling of dendritic cells and Langerhans cells by one of the anti-tat antibodies. We conclude that skin components show expression of epitopes recognized by antibodies to HIV-1 tat, rev, and nef; this expression is more extensive in atopic dermatitis than in normal skin, and can be further increased after epicutaneous allergen patch testing.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Epitopes of human immunodeficiency virus regulatory proteins tat, nef and rev are expressed in skin in atopic dermatitis. 768 Feb 53

Belgian dermatologists recently reported what is probably the first case of combined seminal fluid and latex allergy. A young atopic woman presented with the clinical symptoms of swelling and a burning sensation on the vulva and in the vulvovaginal area during or after coitus, followed by vesiculation, lichenification, and generalized eczema. Diagnosis was confirmed by the appropriate testing methods. The author treated a 34-year old nurse who had an immediate type I reaction to seminal fluid documented by results of radioallergosorbent and prick tests. The patient also has an history of contact urticaria due to latex gloves and rubber condoms. Nonrubber condoms, such as Lambskin condoms, made from processed sheep intestines, may be recommended for use by patients with this type of combined allergy. These condoms do not, however, protect against HIV infection. To protect against HIV infection, the male partner must wear a rubber condom with a Lambskin condom over the rubber one to protect his partner from allergy. Otherwise, the female condom may be used, for it is made of nonsensitizing polyurethane. In this case, the doctor gave Tactylon nonlatex synthetic elastomer condoms to the husband. The condoms, yet to be approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, are made by the manufacturer of Tactylon nonlatex gloves. The nurse use the gloves at work without experiencing an allergic reaction.
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PMID:Management of "consort dermatitis" due to combined allergy: seminal fluid and latex condoms. 795 37

To evaluate the safety and efficacy of passive immunotherapy for advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial of human anti-HIV hyperimmune plasma was conducted. Sixty-three subjects with stage IV HIV disease (AIDS) were randomized to received 250 mL of either HIV-immune plasma or HIV antibody-negative plasma every 4 weeks. Although nonsignificant trends toward improved survival and delayed occurrence of a new opportunistic infection were noted, no significant effects on absolute CD4 lymphocyte counts or quantitative HIV viremia were seen. The only notable toxicity was the allergenicity to be expected from infusing plasma products, usually manifesting as urticaria. Thus, results do not rule out the potential usefulness of passive immunization with different preparations, but did fail to demonstrate clinical benefit of the product studied.
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PMID:Passive immunotherapy in the treatment of advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. 807 41

Intolerance to sulfonamides is very frequent in HIV-infected subjects and 10 times more common than in the general population. There are 2 types of intolerance to sulfonamides: early reactions with urticaria or angioedema, which are IgE-dependent, and late reactions with febrile rash, which occur between the 6th and 12th days of treatment and represent the vast majority of allergic manifestations in HIV-infected subjects. Clinically, these reactions resemble serum sickness, but all physiopathological hypotheses point to toxic process. The degradation of sulfonamides has two different pathways: the N-acetylation pathway which is genetically determined and saturable, and the cytochrome P450 pathway which produces toxic hydroxylamine metabolites "detoxified" by glutathione. In HIV-infected subjects detoxication is thought to be incomplete due to an acquired deficiency of glutathione and probably increased in the presence of a slow acetylation profile.
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PMID:[Intolerance to sulfonamides in HIV infected subjects. Toxic and allergic origin]. 824 69

Within the past decade, anaphylaxis from latex products has been a recognized clinical crisis. Immediately after contact with latex, the patient can experience urticaria, nasorhinitis, conjunctivitis, asthma, hypotension, and shock. Health care workers, children with spina bifida, patients with a history of urogenital procedures, and employees of rubber manufacturing plants have the highest incidence. The most common denominators include frequent contact with latex and a history of allergies, although cases without these components have been reported. The increased incidence is linked to the increase of glove and condom use in preventing the spread of the HIV virus. Sensitization to the natural rubber protein is the allergen, although the specific protein has not been isolated. A thorough medical and surgical history and a history of previous allergies and allergic events should be collected on all patients with complaints of any latex contact symptoms. Latex-sensitive patients should wear a Medic Alert bracelet and carry an epinephrine autoinjector kit. Health care providers must be alert for the possible occurrence of latex sensitivities in their patients.
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PMID:Latex allergy: recognition and management of a modern problem. 827 93

In the last few years the allergenic potential of rubber has been receiving more and more attention. Its widespread application in medical devices and everyday objects has increased exposure to this allergen. The central role of rubber in the prevention of HIV infection has certainly played a part in this development. Latex allergy manifests itself as immediate type allergy (type I), delayed type allergy (type IV) or as a combination of both types of hypersensitivity. In this review the different types of latex allergy are illustrated by means of selected case reports. Immediate type allergy to latex leads to contact urticaria, but it may also cause generalized urticaria, bronchial asthma or even anaphylactic reactions (contact urticaria syndrome). Hence, not only dermatologists and allergologists are confronted with latex allergy. Immediate type hypersensitivity can be proven by skin prick test and RAST (radio allergosorbent test). Contact dermatitis in patients using rubber gloves is generally due to delayed type hypersensitivity to rubber additives. However, a recently observed case suggests the possibility of isolated delayed type hypersensitivity to natural latex.
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PMID:[Latex allergy--an increasing problem in clinical practice]. 842 56

To evaluate the skin reactivity and the mast cell releasibility in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), 24 patients with AIDS were skin tested with histamine (1 mg/ml) and codeine phosphate (0.9, 0.09, and 0.009 mg/ml), a mast cell degranulating agent. They were compared to 12 HIV-negative healthy volunteers and 16 urticaria-prone subjects. Reactivity to codeine phosphate was lower in patients with AIDS than in HIV-negative subjects. This difference in skin reactivity was the more significant when the AIDS group was compared to the urticaria-prone group. There was no correlation between the reactivity to codeine and the IgE levels. Possible explanations to the decreased skin reacting to codeine in patients with AIDS include a decrease of local mast cell density or releasibility. This suggests that a mechanism related to urticaria and involving mast cells is quite unlikely to be at the origin of the hypersensitivity reactions observed in AIDS.
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PMID:Decreased skin reactivity to codeine in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. 880 35


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