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Query: UMLS:C0040822 (tremor)
 18,428 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Stage 34 (8-day) and 41 (15-day) chick embryos (Gallus gallus; in ovo) were exposed (3 min) to two separate amounts of mechanical (shaking) stress. Oxygen consumption determinations, following a temperature equilibration period (60 min), were made on entire, intact eggs using a Warburg apparatus equipped with 130-ml flasks modified to hold the egg. Shaking at 300 excursions per minute (epm) resulted in depressed O2 consumption by stages 34 and 41. Only stage 34 embryos had markedly depressed O2 consumption values when shaken at 100 epm. When exposed to 300 epm and reincubated for either 1, 2, or 4 hr prior to O2 consumption determinations stage 34 embryos, following an early return to control levels exhibited a marked fall in O2 consumption by 4 h reincubation. The stage 41 embryos, on the other hand, demonstrated a gradual rise to control O2 consumption levels by 4 h reincubation. Oxygen consumption has now been shown for the first time in an embryonic system (at two distinct developmental stages) to be functionally impaired by mechanically induced stress.
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PMID:Oxygen consumption by chick embryos exposed to mechanical (shaking) stress. 42 44

We have developed a method to measure responses to graded concentrations of volatile chemicals by domestic chicks (Gallus gallus domesticus). Concentration-response curves were obtained, from which 50% effective concentration (EC50) values were determined. One-day-old chicks were presented with a 4-mm diameter colored bead, at which they pecked readily, affixed to a tube containing log dilutions of odorant. The chick was exposed to the odorant when it pecked at the bead. Various methods of presentation were tried. The method preferred minimized the number of chicks required by allowing repeated testing. Habituation to visual cues was prevented by changing the color of the bead on each presentation. The number of pecks directed at the bead and the amount of head shaking that occurred while the chick was exposed to the stimulus during the 10-s trial were scored from video recordings. Chicks demonstrated increased amounts of head shaking with increasing concentrations of isoamyl acetate or allyl sulfide; low concentrations stimulated pecking and higher concentrations suppressed it. Coincident EC50 values for pecking and head shaking (approximately 1% for isoamyl acetate and allyl sulfide) indicate that they may be controlled by the same mechanism, albeit inversely. There was no relationship between the amount of pecking and the concentration of eugenol, but the EC50 value for head shaking was at the 30% concentration. The results demonstrate that one-day-old chicks show graded responses to graded concentrations of odors and that they demonstrate differential sensitivity to different odorants. Possible involvement of the trigeminal system in these responses is considered.
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PMID:Responses to odorants by the domestic chick. 894 88

We tested the hypothesis that day-old chicks, Gallus gallus domesticus, can learn to avoid an aversive stimulus if they observe the responses of another chick. In experiment 1, one of a pair of chicks (the actor) was allowed to peck at a bead coated in the bitter-tasting substance methylanthranilate (MeA), while we prevented the other chick (the observer) from pecking the bitter-tasting bead by separating the chicks with a piece of wire mesh. Both chicks avoided pecking at a similar but dry bead 0.5, 3 and 24 h after the observer chick saw the actor chick peck at an MeA-coated bead. By contrast, when the actor chick had pecked at a water-coated bead, both chicks continued to peck at a dry bead at 0.5, 3 and 24 h after training. Experiment 2 investigated whether observer chicks showed avoidance if they were prevented (by the insertion of an opaque barrier) from observing their companion pecking at the MeA-coated bead during either training or testing. Observer chicks that could not see their companion during training but could observe the actor chicks at test showed no subsequent avoidance whereas chicks that observed the actor chick at training, but not during testing, showed high levels of avoidance. Although the sensory cues (visual, auditory or olfactory) or types of behaviour (i.e. levels of pecking or head shaking) that the observer chick used to maintain avoidance remain unclear, the results show that chicks can learn about an aversive object by observing the responses of a conspecific. (c) 1998 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.
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PMID:Observation learning in day-old chicks using a one-trial passive avoidance learning paradigm. 993 30

One-day old domestic chicks (Gallus gallus domesticus) show concentration-dependent behavioural responses to olfactory cues. In the present study we investigated the lateralized olfactory responses of 1-day-old chicks to the odours of eugenol and iso-amyl acetate. In experiment 1 different concentrations of each odour were presented in repeated trials to chicks housed individually. The odours were presented together with a small coloured bead at which the chick pecked. When tested with the highest concentration of eugenol (100% v/v), the chicks demonstrated more head shaking when their left nostril was occluded (RN; right nostril in use) than when their right nostril was occluded (LN; left nostril in use). No such lateralization occurred in response to iso-amyl acetate. This result was confirmed in a second experiment in which the chicks were tested with unscented stimuli, 100% eugenol and 100% isoamyl acetate. In experiment 3 we found that occluding both the chicks' nostrils abolished the head shaking response to eugenol and to iso-amyl acetate. Thus, the chicks' head shaking responses to the odorants eugenol and iso-amyl acetate are mediated primarily by inputs from within the nasal cavity, and not by oral or occular inputs. The present results are consistent with the hypothesis that there is lateralization to olfactory cues and that it is dependent on the involvement of receptors inside the nasal cavity. We suggest that differences in lateralized olfactory responses to different odours are affected by the relative involvement of intranasal olfactory and trigeminal chemoreceptors.
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PMID:Chemosensory input and lateralization of brain function in the domestic chick. 1211 Apr 62