Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0040822 (tremor)
 18,428 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Before and during a standardized course of trifluoperazine therapy, 18 schizophrenic patients underwent repeated examinations for extrapyramidal motor signs, clinical psychopathology, and urinary excretion of free and conjugated forms of dopamine and its metabolites. Patients excreting more free dopamine and metabolites, or showing less complete conjugation, before drug treatment, were much less likely than others to develop parkinsonian akinesia and rigidity during drug treatment. Neither catatonic rigidity nor akinesia before treatment was predictive of a parkinsonian response to trifluoperazine, but pretreatment tremor may have been. The severity of schizophrenic psychopathology was unrelated to dopamine excretion. This study of schizophrenic patients, and our previous research in Parkinson's disease, suggest that urinary dopamine excretion may reflect dopaminergic function of the extrapyramidal motor system in both conditions.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1978 Jan
PMID:Dopamine excretion and vulnerability to drug-induced Parkinsonism. Schizophrenic patients. 61 44

The growth characteristics of alpha3a bacteriophage on stationary phase Achromobacter strain 14 are described. Phage alpha3a growth on stationary phase cells is characterized by a long and variable latent period of 6 to 9 h and an increased burst size of 710 p.f.u./cell as compared with 153 p.f.u./cell in exponential wild type cells. During the latent period the infected cells are very sensitive to changes in growth conditions and in particular, dilution. Pre-conditioning of the bacterial cells by allowing them to stand for 24 h after shaking for 3 days is an important aspect of the stationary phase phage growth system. Cells which have been allowed to stand retain the ability to be infected and to support phage growth for at least 16 days. Shaking cultures gradually lose the ability to support phage growth but the phage can persist in the host cell for 10 days until removal from shaking when the lytic cycle can proceed after allowing the cultures to stand.
J Gen Virol 1978 Nov
PMID:Phage growth characteristics on stationary phase Achromobacter cells. 72 81

Bulimia nervosa represents a serious public health problem in the United States. We performed an 8-week, double-blind trial comparing fluoxetine hydrochloride (60 and 20 mg/d) with placebo in 387 bulimic women treated on an outpatient basis. Fluoxetine at 60 mg/d proved superior to placebo in decreasing the frequency of weekly binge-eating and vomiting episodes at end point. Fluoxetine at 20 mg/d produced an effect between that of the 60-mg/d dosage and that of placebo. Depression, carbohydrate craving, and pathologic eating attitudes and behaviors also improved significantly with fluoxetine, with the higher dosage again showing a more robust effect than the lower dosage. Several adverse events (ie, insomnia, nausea, asthenia, and tremor) occurred significantly more frequently with fluoxetine (60 or 20 mg/d) than with placebo. However, there was no statistically significant difference among treatment groups in the proportion of patients discontinuing the study because of adverse events.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992 Feb
PMID:Fluoxetine in the treatment of bulimia nervosa. A multicenter, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Fluoxetine Bulimia Nervosa Collaborative Study Group. 155 Apr 66

1. Ethanol-induced sleep time was significantly longer in F344 than LEW rats. However, there is no difference in barbital-induced sleep time between F344 and LEW. 2. Development of tolerance to ethanol-induced motor impairment was slightly faster in F344 than in LEW rats. While, LEW rats more easily developed tolerance to the impairment by barbital in comparison with F344 rats. 3. F344 and LEW rats were chronically treated with liquid diet containing ethanol or with barbital-admixed food. After the termination of ethanol and barbital treatments, various withdrawal signs occurred in F344 rats, including tremor and convulsions, whereas LEW rats showed no convulsions. Withdrawal scores of ethanol and barbital were significantly higher in F344 than in LEW rats. 4. These results suggest that strain differences in physical dependence on ethanol and barbital may be mainly influenced by the susceptibility to ethanol and the development of tolerance to barbital, respectively.
Gen Pharmacol 1992 Jan
PMID:Susceptibility to, tolerance to, and physical dependence on ethanol and barbital in two inbred strains of rats. 159 18

1. Effects of a new stressful manipulation, forced shaking stress at low temperature (4 degrees C) (FSLT stress), on sleeping induced by pentobarbital were investigated 70 min following its application. 2. Repeated application (7 times) decreased the duration of sleep induced by pentobarbital-Na (45 mg/kg, i.p.) in mice without affecting that induced by ketamine-HCl and chloral hydrate. This effect of FSLT stress disappeared 3 days after termination of application. 3. The latency of nociceptive response in hot-plate test increased in a naloxone-sensitive manner by single and repeated FSLT stress when tested immediately (2 min) after but not 70 min after the last stress application. 4. Diazepam (0.3 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly prolonged the duration of sleep induced by pentobarbital (45 mg/kg, i.p.) in stressed animals without changing that in unstressed animals. The effect of diazepam was blocked by Ro 15-1788 (10 mg/kg, i.p.), a specific benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. 5. Repeated FSLT stress thus appears to decrease pentobarbital sleep by inducing functional changes in the central nervous system and the GABAergic system may partially participate in FSLT stress-induced decrease in pentobarbital sleep.
Gen Pharmacol 1991
PMID:Effects of forced shaking stress at low temperature on pentobarbital-induced sleeping in mice. 193 9

Several strains of species of the fungal genus Pythium, and of Phytophthora cinnamomi, were screened for content of the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) arachidonic acid (AA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). The aim of the investigation was to establish alternative sources of these PUFAs, which are of importance in human nutrition. As a relatively prolific producer of EPA and AA, P. ultimum strain #144 was selected for a study of conditions that enhance their production over baseline levels that are present in the fungus when cultured for 6 d at 25 degrees C with rotary shaking (120 r.p.m.) in Vogel's medium containing sucrose as the carbon substrate. The levels of AA and EPA under these conditions were 133 +/- 27 and 138 +/- 25 mg l-1 (n = 5), respectively. Maximal production of these fatty acids was accomplished by the following sequence of steps. (1) Incubate the cultures for 6 d after inoculation under the conditions described above. Then (2) add glucose to the cultures (2%, w/v, final concentration) and incubate for a further 6 d at 13 degrees C. Under these conditions, the AA content of the mycelium was 205% higher than baseline levels and the EPA content was 198% higher. (3) Allow the cultures to remain stationary for 10 d which increases the AA content to 253% above baseline levels and the EPA content by 236%. Using such a procedure, 322 mg AA l-1 and 383 mg EPA 1-1 were produced.
J Gen Microbiol 1991 Aug
PMID:Production of the polyunsaturated fatty acids arachidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid by the fungus Pythium ultimum. 195 68

1. Neuroleptic drugs (antipsychotics) produce numerous side effects which include serious extrapyramidal symptoms consisting of akathisia, dystonia, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, parkinsonian reactions such as postural abnormality, tremor, akinesia or bradykinesia, rigidity, and tardive dyskinesia. 2. Among the complications of neuroleptic chemotherapy, the most serious and potentially fatal complication is malignant syndrome, which is characterized by extreme hyperthermia, "lead pipe" skeletal muscle rigidity causing dyspnea, dysphagia, and rhabdomyolysis, autonomic instability, fluctuating consciousness, leukocytosis, and elevated creatine phosphokinase. 3. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome should be differentiated from malignant hyperthermia, lethal catatonia, and other pathological states producing some of these same symptoms. 4. In addition to neuroleptics, malignant syndrome has been caused by thymoleptics (antidepressants), metoclopramide (antiemetic), metoclopramide combined with cimetidine, tetrabenazine, overdosage of benzodiazepine, phenelzine, dothiepin and alcohol, and amphetamine. 5. Factors leading to and/or facilitating the emergence of neuroleptic malignant syndromes are reportedly organic brain syndrome, dehydration, exhaustion, external heat load, excessive sympathetic discharge, use of long acting neuroleptics, high doses of neuroleptics, rapid dose titration with neuroleptics, abrupt discontinuation of antiparkinsonism agents, and concurrent lithium therapy. 6. Although, the pathogenesis of neuroleptic malignant syndrome is not understood completely, a blockade of dopaminergic receptors in the hypothalamus, spinal cord and striatum, an alteration of dopaminergic-serotonergic transmission in the body, an enhanced synthesis and action of prostaglandin E1 and E2, and a modification of calcium-mediated signal transduction in the body have been suggested. 7. The treatment of malignant syndrome includes immediate withdrawal of neuroleptic drugs, i.v. infusion of dantrolene, and oral administration of bromocriptine; or alternatively i.v. infusion of dantrolene and the combination of levodopa-carbidopa. 8. Other measures to enhance the therapeutic effectiveness of the aforementioned regimens are to include the use of anticholinergic drugs such as benztropine to enhance the effectiveness of bromocriptine, of lorazepam if catatonic symptoms persist, or of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) if psychotic symptoms persist. 9. These treatments, however, must be "active" rather than "passive", in order to avert fatalities and/or unfortunate sequelae from this iatrogenic and incompletely understood disease.
Gen Pharmacol 1990
PMID:Pathogenesis and treatment of neuroleptic malignant syndrome. 197 19

The DSM-III-R criteria for uncomplicated alcohol withdrawal require the presence of coarse tremor of the hands, tongue, or eyelids plus one of a number of other clinical features. We examined the validity and other characteristics of these items in 137 patients in pure alcohol withdrawal using the reliable and valid Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment for Alcohol. The DSM-III-R items of hand tremor amplitude, nausea or vomiting, headache, transient hallucinations, autonomic hyperactivity (increased pulse or sweating), and anxiety correlated significantly with total score and significantly indicated clinical severity. Addition of an "agitation" item improved the correlation. The diagnostic accuracy is greater than 95% if any two or more items are present. The number of positive items, of which tremor can be one, to grade clinical severity shows that a score of 2 indicates "very mild"; 3, "mild"; 4, "moderate"; and 5, "severe.". We propose that an Alcohol Withdrawal Diagnostic Inventory and a DSM-III-R-compatible brief Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment for Alcohol are useful for clinical research, where graded symptom characterization is needed. Our data may be helpful in the development of criteria for DSM-IV.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991 May
PMID:Characterization of DSM-III-R criteria for uncomplicated alcohol withdrawal provides an empirical basis for DSM-IV. 202 Dec 96

1. Doses of buprenorphine (0.01, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 5, 10 and 50 mg/kg) were administered to determine buprenorphine's ability to precipitate abstinence symptoms in morphine-dependent mice. 2. When buprenorphine was administered in the fourth day of morphine addiction, the results demonstrate that the administration of the partial agonist opioid produce a bell-shaped dose-response curve. 3. The highest dose (50 mg/kg) was partially inactive while lower doses causing similar percentage than group treated with naloxone with respect to the appearance of the most of the symptoms of abstinence studied (diarrhoea, tremor, shaking-"wet dog shakes"-, jumping and weight loss). 4. Our findings demonstrate the bell-shaped response curve of the antagonist effects of buprenorphine.
Gen Pharmacol 1991
PMID:Buprenorphine: bell-shaped dose-response curve for its antagonist effects. 205 24

A series of 195 cases of Wilson's disease were assessed retrospectively on a range of variables, including psychiatric, neurologic, and hepatic symptoms, and biochemical data as recorded at first admission to a specialist clinic. Ninety-nine patients (51%) were rated as displaying some evidence of psychopathologic features, and 39 (20%) had seen a psychiatrist before the diagnosis of Wilson's disease. The most common psychiatric features were abnormal behavior and personality change, although depression and cognitive impairment were also rated frequently. Schizophrenialike psychoses were rare, apparently occurring at no more than chance frequency. Psychiatric symptoms were related to neurologic rather than hepatic symptoms, and certain symptoms (incongruous behavior, irritability, and personality change) had a particularly significant relationship with bulbar and dystonic disorders but not with tremor. Psychiatric manifestations are important in Wilson's disease, and many of the psychopathologic features seem to have an organic basis.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989 Dec
PMID:Wilson's disease. Psychiatric symptoms in 195 cases. 258 27


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