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Query: UMLS:C0040822 (tremor)
 18,428 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

1. A method for measuring the lipogenesis from [(14)C]glucose by single fat cells is described: (i) after incubation with ;carrier-free' [U-(14)C]glucose (0.55 mu-mole/ml.), collagenase-isolated fat cells were fixed with osmium tetroxide; (ii) similarly incubated pieces of epididymal fat pads were treated with osmium tetroxide for 90 sec, whereby only the superficial cells are fixed, and the tissue was then disintegrated by shaking with collagenase. The osmium-fixed free cells were washed, sucked into a micropipette, measured under a microscope and assayed individually for (14)C-activity.2. There was a quantitative recovery of (14)C-lipid activity from osmium-fixed single cells.3. Both collagenase-isolated cells and in situ fixed surface cells were normally distributed with respect to diameters (for both cell groups from ad lib. fed rats of ca. 110 g; mean diameter, about 55 mum; S.D. about 7 mum).4. Frequency distribution curves (number of fat cells versus (14)C-lipogenesis per cell) were asymmetric and very broad (coefficient of variation about 50%) for collagenase-isolated cells incubated with insulin (10(3) mu-u./ml.). Frequency distribution curves for surface cells obtained from similarly incubated pieces of epididymal fat pads showed a coefficient of variation of the same magnitude, whereas the mean lipogenesis of these cells was only about one third of that of the isolated cells.5. Collagenase-isolated cells incubated in the presence of insulin (10(3) mu-u./ml.) showed a weak but highly significant positive correlation between fat cell diameter and (14)C-lipogenesis (eight rats, r about 0.5 and P < 0.001 for each rat). Analysis of the relationship: lipogenesis = k x diameter to the exponent of beta showed that the estimates of beta varied significantly from rat to rat (range: 1.3-2.9). Similar correlations between cell size and lipogenesis were found both for cells incubated with insulin in various submaximal concentrations and for cells incubated without insulin.6. Small and large cells from the same rat were equally sensitive to insulin.7. Statistical analysis of frequency distribution curves (number of cells versus (14)C-lipogenesis per unit surface area) representing cells from the same rat incubated with insulin 0, 2.5, 5, 10, and 10(3) mu-u./ml., respectively, suggests that insulin exerts a graded influence on the lipogenesis of each fat cell.
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PMID:Lipogenesis and insulin sensitivity of single fat cells. 436 2

Mouse spermatozoa recovered from the caput, corpus, or cauda epididymidis were examined for their ability to bind the vitro to zonae pellucidae. Since spermatozoa from the caput epididymidis do not display progressive motility as compared with more mature spermatozoa, direct comparison of the different sperm populations may not measure zona binding ability validly. To equalize the motile properties of the spermatozoa, a method was developed to immobilize vigorously motile corpus and cauda spermatozoa. Reversible immobilization was achieved by incubation in 25 microM La3+ which resulted in a twitching, nonprogressive type of motility. La3+ incubation did not appear to affect the spermatozoa adversely, since vigorous motility (equivalent to the controls) of corpus and cauda sperm was displayed upon subsequent incubation in standard La3+-free culture medium. Moreover, cauda spermatozoa preincubated for 90 min in La3+ displayed levels of fertilization in vitro equivalent to their control counterparts. Using this La3+-immobilization technique, the zona binding ability of the different sperm population could be assayed. Gamete collision was insured under these conditions by shaking the gamete-containing dishes at 100 cycles/min. Regardless of the extent of sperm motility, a similar zona-binding pattern emerged: cauda sperm bound in high numbers, corpus sperm bound at some intermediate level (an average of 24% of cauda binding level), and caput sperm bound rarely (2% of cauda binding level). Thus it appears that, for mouse spermatozoa, the onset of fertility during epididymal transit parallels the ability to bind to zonae pellucidae. Unlike the interaction between spermatozoa and zonae, La3+ was unable to support sperm binding in to egg plasma membrane, supporting the view that mouse sperm may have different sites for interaction with the zonae pellucida and the egg plasma membrane.
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PMID:Development of the ability to bind to zonae pellucidae during epididymal maturation: reversible immobilization of mouse-spermatozoa by lanthanum. 720 Aug 7

1. Immunocytochemical and biochemical techniques have been used to localize and characterize a novel plasma membrane-associated, neutral-pH-optimum alpha-L-fucosidase from rat spermatozoa. Light and electron microscopy specifically localized the fucosidase on the plasma membrane of the convex region of the principal segment of testicular and cauda epididymal sperm heads. Immunoreactivity for alpha-L-fucosidase was also detected in the Golgi apparatus of spermatocytes and spermatids but no immunoreactivity was observed in the acrosome. 2. Fractionation of epididymal sperm homogenates indicated that over 90% of the alpha-L-fucosidase activity was associated with the 48,000 g pellet. This pellet-associated activity could be solubilized with 0.5 M NaCl but not with 0.5% Triton X-100, suggesting that fucosidase is peripherally associated with membranes. Sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation of sperm homogenates indicated that fucosidase was enriched in the plasma membrane-enriched fraction. Analysis of alpha-L-fucosidase on intact epididymal sperm indicated that the enzyme was active, displayed linear kinetics and had a pH-activity curve (with an optimum near 7) which was comparable to that of fucosidase from epididymal sperm extracts. These results further suggest that fucosidase is associated with plasma membranes, and that its active site is accessible to fucoconjugates. Evidence that most of the fucosidase is associated with the exterior of the plasma membrane came from studies in which intact sperm had fucosidase activity comparable to that of sperm sonicates, and from studies in which approx. 90% of the fucosidase activity on intact sperm could be released from the sperm by gentle shaking with 0.5 M NaCl. Isoelectric focusing indicated that the NaCl-solubilized epididymal sperm fucosidase appears to have one major and one minor isoform with pIs near 7.2 and 5.2, respectively. SDS/PAGE and Western blotting indicated that the NaCl-solubilized extract of epididymal sperm contains two protein bands of 54 and 50 kDa which were highly immunoreactive with the IgG fraction of anti-fucosidase antibodies. Although the function of the novel sperm fucosidase is not known, its specific localization to the plasma membrane of the region of the rat sperm head involved in sperm-egg binding and its high enzymic activity at neutral pH on intact sperm suggest that this enzyme may have a role in sperm-egg interactions.
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PMID:Immunocytochemical localization and biochemical characterization of a novel plasma membrane-associated, neutral pH optimum alpha-L-fucosidase from rat testis and epididymal spermatozoa. 883 25

We attempted to cryopreserve spermatozoa from closed colonies (Jcl:SD and Jcl:Wistar), and inbred (BN/Crj, F3441 DuCrj, LEW/Crj, Long-Evans and WKY/NCrj), mutant (Zitter [WTC.ZI-zi] and Tremor [TRM]), transgenic (human A-transferase [A], and green fluorescent protein [GFP]) strains of rats. Rat epididymal spermatozoa suspended in cryopreservation solution (23% egg yolk, 8% lactose monohydrate, and 0.7% Equex Stm, pH 7.4, adjusted with 10% Tris [hydroxymethy] aminomethane) were frozen and stored at -196 degrees C. After thawing at 37 degrees C, the spermatozoa were instilled into the tip of each uterine horn of the recipients. A total of five recipient females for each strain were inseminated with cryopreserved spermatozoa, and normal live offspring of all strains (Jcl:SD: 11, Jcl:Wistar: 13, BN/Crj: 9, F344/DuCrj: 28, LEW/Crj: 4, Long-Evans: 6, WKY/NCrj: 8, TRM: 24, WTC.ZI-zi: 27, A: 30 and GFP: 20) were obtained.
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PMID:Cryopreservation of spermatozoa from closed colonies, and inbred, spontaneous mutant, and transgenic strains of rats. 1472 12

Rhizobium radiobacter MTCC 8161 completely decolorized methyl violet (10 mg l(-1)) within 8 h both at static and shaking conditions. The decolorization time increased with increasing dye concentration. The effect of different carbon and nitrogen sources on the decolorization of methyl violet was studied. The maximum decolorization was observed in the presence of sucrose (1%) and urea (1%). UV-Visible, HPLC and FTIR analysis of extracted products confirmed biodegradation of methyl violet. The significant increase in the activities of lignin peroxidase and aminopyrine N-demethylase in the cells obtained after decolorization indicated involvement of these enzymes in the decolorization process. In addition to methyl violet, this strain also shows an ability to decolorize various industrial dyes, (red HE7B, yellow 4G, blue 2B, navy blue HE22, red M5B and red HE3B).
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PMID:Biodegradation of hazardous triphenylmethane dye methyl violet by Rhizobium radiobacter (MTCC 8161). 1932 28