Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0040822 (tremor)
 18,428 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A suspension of washed human erythrocytes (2%) in PBS was mixed with an equal volume of 1 mM glutaraldehyde (GA) and allowed to stand at laboratory temperatures, followed by washing with normal saline. The agglutinability of the erythrocytes toward anti-A, anti-B, anti-M and anti-N reagents remained unchanged after GA treatment shorter than 20 minutes, and the agglutinability toward anti-C, anti-c, anti-D, anti-E, anti-e, anti-Lea, anti-Leb and anti-P1 did not decrease after treatment for 10 minutes. GA treatment for longer periods of time than the above caused a decrease of the reactivities. The agglutinability toward an anti-H (Ulex europaeus) and other lectins increased after 10 to 30 minutes of GA treatment and decreased after 40 minutes or more of exposure to GA. These results indicate that the immunologic agglutinability of erythrocytes were practically unchanged after a 10 minutes treatment with 1 mM GA (a mild fixation procedure hereafter called "partial fixation"). The properties of the partially fixed erythrocytes were closely similar to those of untreated erythrocytes as regards cell volume, membrane fragility in hypotonic solutions (measured by a modification of the Ribiere method), and membrane fragility under continuous shaking. The resistance of the partially fixed erythrocytes heating up to 50 degrees C was superior to that of the untreated erythrocytes. From these results, the deformability of the partially fixed erythrocytes was concluded to be similar to that of untreated erythrocytes. After storage for 6 months at 4 degrees C in Alsever solution containing adenine and inosine, the shapes of the untreated erythrocytes changed to "spherocytes" or "echinocytes", whereas the partially fixed cells retained the original discocyte shape. Blood grouping laboratory tests were performed with the partially fixed erythrocytes as indicators. Both anti-A and anti-B agglutinins in normal human sera could be detected without difficulty. Presence of irregular agglutinins, such as anti-H and anti-N, in healthy donors' sera could also be detected, as with the freshly obtained erythrocytes. The detection limits of an incomplete anti-D agglutinin were equal to those in the tests with untreated erythrocytes. The partially fixed erythrocyte (stored at 4 degrees C for 2.5 to 3 months) were used as indicators of ABO-blood grouping from blood stains, saliva stains and hairs by the agglutinin-inhibition test, absorption-elution test or mixed agglutination test. The results obtained were practically equal to those of the tests with freshly obtained erythrocytes, indicating the availabilities of the partially fixed erythrocytes.
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PMID:[Preparation of partially fixed erythrocytes and its application for immunohematologic examination]. 211 66

Embryos (8-16 cell) were obtained from random bred albino mice (6-8 weeks old) that were induced to superovulate by injections of 5 I.U. PMSG and 5 I.U. hCG given 48 hr apart. Embryos were exposed to intracellular cryoprotecting medium (glycerol 10%, 1-2 propanediol 20% in PBS) for 10 min and then transferred to extracellular vitrification medium (25% glycerol, 25% 1-2 propanediol in PBS). Vitrification medium containing embryos, and diluent (1 M sucrose) were loaded in a straw and immediately plunged into liquid N2. After thawing at 20 degrees C, the contents of the straw were mixed by shaking (1 step dilution) and emptied in a petri dish. After 3 washings in culture medium the embryos were kept in CO2 incubator for further development. In 3-step dilution procedure the dilution of cryoprotectants was done in 0.5 and 0.25 M sucrose before culture. Embryos in 3-step dilution of cryoprotectants exhibited high survival as compared to 1-step dilution (20.23% vs 6.55%).
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PMID:Cryopreservation of mouse embryos at -196 degrees C by vitrification. 280 16

A series of ara-CDP-rac-1-O-alkyl-2-O-acylglycerols (9a-f), analogues of highly active ara-CDP-rac-1-O-hexadecyl-2-O-palmitoylglycerol (1) and Cytoros2 (2), was prepared, and solubility, lipophilicity, and structure-activity relationships of these conjugates were investigated. Conjugates 9a-f containing sn-1 alkyl (< C16) and sn-2 fatty acyl (< C14) and sn-1 alkyl (< C14) and sn-2 fatty acyl (< C16) substituents of the glycerol were water-soluble by shaking, while those with the sn-1 alkyl (> C16) and the sn-2 fatty acyl (> C16) such as conjugate 1 were sparingly soluble. Conjugates 9a-c,e were almost completely solubilized in water by shaking. However, a large portion of conjugates 9d and 9f in water by shaking exist in micelles with mean diameters ranging 7.0-55.2 nm. The partition coefficients (1-octanol/PBS) of the water-soluble conjugates were about 9-18 times greater than that of ara-C. A single dose (300 mg/kg) of conjugates 9d and 9f produced a significant increase in life span (ILS 206 to > 543%) with 17-67% long-term survivors (> 45 days) in mice bearing ip-implanted L1210 lymphoid leukemia. These results were comparable to those of the previous conjugate 1 and Cytoros (2). In contrast, conjugates 9a-c,e at single doses were less effective (ILS 69-178% with no long-term survivors). However, two (qd, 1, 7) or three (qd 1, 5, 9) divided doses of these conjugates were found to be as effective as a single dose of the previous conjugates. The three divided doses (150 mg/kg per day) of conjugates 9d, 9e, and 9f produced a remarkable antitumor activity in L1210 leukemic mice (ILS > 350% with > 50% long-term survivors). Because of the convenient formulation and the significant antitumor activities, the water-soluble conjugates 9d, 9e, and 9f warrant further investigation.
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PMID:Nucleoside conjugates. 14. Synthesis and antitumor activity of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine conjugates of ether lipids with improved water solubility. 775 87

A series of ara-CDP-rac-1-S-alkyl-2-O-acyl-1-thioglycerols (3-12), analogues of highly active Cytoros2 (1), was prepared, and solubility, lipophilicity, and structure-activity relationships of these conjugates were investigated. The conjugates with sn-1 alkyl (< C18) and sn-2 fatty acyl (< C14) substituents of the thioglycerol were water-soluble, while those with the sn-1 alkyl (> C14) and the sn-2 fatty acyl (> C16) were sparingly soluble. The latter formed micelles upon sonication. Conjugate 7 containing the sn-1 tetradecyl and the sn-2 palmitoyl (C16) groups formed micelles by both sonication and shaking. The partition coefficients (1-octanol/PBS) of the water-soluble conjugates were about 20 times greater than that of ara-C. The water-insoluble showed a more than 40 times increase. A single dose of the micelle-forming conjugates 7 and 10 produced a significant increase in life span (ILS > 421%) with 50% long-term survivors (> 45 days) in mice bearing ip-implanted L1210 lymphoid leukemia. These results were comparable to those of previous micelle-forming conjugate 1 (Cytoros). In contrast, the water-soluble conjugates at single doses were less effective (ILS 81-386% with 0-33% long-term survivors). However, three divided doses of the water-soluble conjugates were found to be as effective as a single dose of micellar solution of the water-insoluble. The results indicate that conjugate 7 and most of the water-soluble derivatives warrant further investigation.
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PMID:Nucleoside conjugates. 13. Synthesis and antitumor activity of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine conjugates of thioether lipids with improved water solubility. 851 Jan 6

Gastrodia elata Bl. (GE) is a traditional Chinese herb that is commonly used in Chinese communities to treat convulsive disorders such as epilepsy. The purpose of the present study was to determine the anticonvulsive and free radical activities of GE in rats. In vitro studies were conducted by using brain tissue from 6 male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats treated with 120 microg/ml of kainic acid (KA), with or without the addition of various concentrations of GE. In vivo studies were conducted in a total of 30 male SD rats divided into 5 groups of 6 rats which were treated as follows: 1) the normal group received an intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) of PBS (Phosphate buffer saline, 1 ml/kg); 2) the control group received KA (12 mg/kg) i.p.; 3) the GE 1.0 group received oral administration of GE 1.0 g/kg 30 min prior to KA administration; 4) the GE 0.5 group received oral administration of GE 0.5 g/kg 30 min prior to KA administration; 5) the PH group received oral administration of phenytoin 20 mg/kg 30 min prior to KA administration. Seizures were verified by behavioral observations, electroencephalograph (EEG) and electromyography (EMG). Lipid peroxide levels in the rat brain, luminol chemiluminescence (CL) and lucigenin-CL in the peripheral blood were measured simultaneously after behavioral observations. The results indicate that GE administration significantly reduced KA-induced lipid peroxide levels in vitro. Oral administration of GE 1.0 g/kg and phenytoin 20 mg/kg significantly reduced counts of wet dog shakes (WDS), paw tremor (PT) and facial myoclonia (FM) in KA-treated rats. In addition, oral administration of GE 1.0 g/kg significantly delayed the onset of WDS, from 30 min in the control group to 46 min in the 0.5 g/kg group, and 63 min in the GE 1.0 g/kg group. A significantly reduced level of lipid peroxides in the rat brain was found in the GE 1.0 g/kg, 0.5 g/kg, and phenytoin 20 mg/kg groups. The GE 1.0 g/kg group showed significant reduction of luminol-CL and lucigenin-CL counts in the peripheral blood compared to the control group. The results of the present study demonstrate that GE has anticonvulsive and free radical scavenging activities. Further studies are needed to determine the clinical effectiveness of GE as an anticonvulsant in humans.
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PMID:Anticonvulsive and free radical scavenging activities of Gastrodia elata Bl. in kainic acid-treated rats. 1152 75

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for pyrithiobac-sodium (Staple) produced by DuPont was validated in Australian soils. This pyrithiobac-sodium ELISA was shown to be highly sensitive with the limit of detection of 4-5 ppt. Soil samples were extracted either in PBS buffer by shaking or by accelerated solvent extraction (ASE). While pyrithiobac sodium can be analyzed directly by ELISA after ASE extraction with 1/10 or more dilutions, the analysis of PBS extract required filtration and dilution 1/20 or more depending on the concentration. Immunoassay results compared favorably with GC-MS results for both ASE and PBS extract of incurred residue of pyrithiobac sodium in soil samples, indicating that this ELISA can be an inexpensive and reliable alternative to conventional residue analysis methods for quantification of pyrithiobac-sodium. This validation provided the basis for applying the ELISA to a field study of pyrithiobac-sodium.
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PMID:Validation of pyrithiobac sodium (Staple herbicide) ELISA for Australian cotton soils. 1271 46

Mutation A30P in the alpha-synuclein gene is a cause of familial Parkinson disease. Transgenic mice expressing wild mouse and mutant human A30P alpha-synuclein, Tg5093 mice (Tg), show a progressive motor disorder characterized by tremor, rigidity, and dystonia, accompanied by accumulation of alpha-synuclein in the soma and neurites and by a conspicuous gliosis beginning in the hippocampal formation at the age of 7 to 8 months and spreading throughout the CNS. Impaired short-term changes in synaptic strength have also been documented in hippocampal slices from Tg mice. Alpha-synuclein aggregates of approximately 34 and 70 kDa, in addition to the band of 17 kDa, corresponding to the molecular weight of alpha-synuclein, were recovered in the PBS-soluble fraction of brain homogenates from Tg mice but not from brain samples from age-matched wildtype littermates. MPTP-treated Tg and wildtype mice produced alpha-synuclein aggregates in the PBS-, deoxycholate-, and SDS-soluble fractions. Aggregates of alpha-synuclein, although with different molecular weights, were also observed in rotenone-treated Tg and wildtype mice. Pull-down studies with members of the Rab protein family have shown that alpha-synuclein from Tg mice interacts with Rab3a, Rab5, and Rab8. This binding is not due to the amount of alpha-synuclein (levels of which are higher in Tg mice) and it is not dependent on the amount of Rab protein used in the assay. Rather, alpha-synuclein interactions with Rab proteins are due to mutant alpha-synuclein as demonstrated in Rab pull-down assays with recombinant of wildtype and mutant A30P human alpha-synuclein. Since Rab3a, Rab5, and Rab8 are important proteins involved in synaptic vesicle trafficking and exocytosis at the synapse, vesicle endocytosis, and trans-Golgi transport, respectively, it can be suggested that these functions are impaired in Tg mice. This rationale is consistent with previous data showing that short-term hippocampal synaptic plasticity is altered and that alpha-synuclein accumulates in the cytoplasm of neurons in Tg mice.
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PMID:Abnormal alpha-synuclein interactions with Rab proteins in alpha-synuclein A30P transgenic mice. 1509 20

Effects of different recovery and inoculation methods on quantification of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes from strawberries were studied. Strawberries were spot or dip inoculated with 7 to 8 log CFU per strawberry of each pathogen, air dried for 2 h, and stored for 1, 3, and 7 days at 4 degrees C. The inoculated samples were stomached or washed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; pH 7.2) or with modified PBS (pH 8.4). Bacterial levels were determined using a direct selective plating, thin agar layer plating, or membrane-transferring plating (MTP) with tryptic soy agar and sorbital MacConkey agar (E. coli O157:H7) or modified Oxford agar (L. monocytogenes). Under most test conditions, washing with PBS followed by MTP had significantly higher (P < 0.05) recovery for both bacteria compared with other tested methods. Within a 7-day storage period for spot-inoculated strawberries, a stomaching step resulted in an injury of 0.9 to 1.4 log CFU for E. coli O157: H7 and 1.4 to 1.7 log CFU for L. monocytogenes. When a washing step was used instead, this resulted in an injury of only 0.2 to 0.6 log CFU for E. coli O157:H7 and 0.2 to 0.7 log CFU for L. monocytogenes. Both bacteria could survive on strawberry surfaces, but their recovered levels decreased with the increase of storage time at 4 degrees C for both spot and dip inoculation methods. Dip inoculation generally had a lower recovery than spot inoculation. An ideal protocol to recover and enumerate E. coli O157:H7 and L. monocytogenes from strawberries involved shaking and washing samples with 100 ml of PBS for 15 min at 22 degrees C coupled with a MTP enumeration method.
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PMID:Effects of recovery, plating, and inoculation methods on quantification of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes from strawberries. 1555 25

A highly selective immunoaffinity column was obtained by coupling anti-papaverine polyclonal antibodies to CNBr-activated Sepharose 4B. It was found that the coupling efficiency and performance of the immunoaffinity column were greatly improved by prolonging the coupling reaction time from 3 h at 20 degrees C with shaking to incubation overnight at 4 degrees C after the 3 h shaking reaction. The pH and ionic strength were observed to be the most important factors that influence the binding of papaverine to the immunoaffinity column. Using 0.01 mol/L phosphate buffered saline (PBS, pH 8.3) and methanol-water (80:20, v/v) as the loading and eluting solutions, respectively, papaverine was first retained on the column and then quantitatively eluted out with a mean recovery of 86% at a loading concentration of 1 microg/mL. When applied to real samples of pericarpium papaveris and food products, the established immunoaffinity column showed high efficiency in removing the matrix interferences in the samples and satisfactory recovery results were obtained. The method was useful for extraction and purification of papaverine from related samples.
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PMID:An efficient immunoaffinity chromatographic method for extraction and purification of papaverine from samples of pericarpium papaveris and food products. 1611 93

Well-validated methods for measuring airborne occupational allergens are essential for effective control and reduction of allergen exposures. For wheat flour allergens, specific immunoassays are available, but there is a need for optimisation and standardization of sample processing procedures. Wheat flour allergen elution and storage were studied using airborne dust samples collected in bakeries with a new parallel sampler. Forty-eight series of 9 parallel filters were subjected to extraction procedures varying in elution medium, shaking method, extraction vial, and centrifugation speed. Wheat allergens were measured with enzyme immunoassays, and the effect of various procedures evaluated by mixed regression analyses. The stability of the eluted allergens was assessed after storage for 20 days and 4 months at -20 degrees C, in the presence or absence of casein in the medium. Only the type of elution medium had significant effects on allergen recovery: addition of Tween-20 resulted in 3- to 100-fold increased levels, an effect that was most pronounced at low concentrations. Allergen levels in extracts were stable for at least 4 months at -20 degrees C, irrespective of the presence of casein in the medium. Addition of Tween-20 to the elution medium is essential for optimal extraction of wheat allergen. The recommended procedure further includes the use of conventional polystyrene tubes, simple shaking methods, and centrifugation after extraction. Wheat dust extracts in PBS-Tween can be stored frozen for at least 4 months, and addition of a stabilising protein is not required.
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PMID:Airborne exposure to wheat allergens: optimised elution for airborne dust samples. 1724 Sep 10


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