Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0040822 (tremor)
 18,428 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Extracts containing penicillin acylase were obtained by shaking the mycelium of Fusarium avenaceum and of Penicillium chrysogenum in 0.2 M sodium acetate or sodium chloride solution. The optimum pH for conversion of penicillin V into 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA) by the enzyme of Fusarium was about 7.5, and the reaction velocity was increased by a rise in temperature from 27 to 37 C. Penicillin G and penicillins with an aliphatic side chain were cleaved much less readily than was penicillin V. With the enzyme preparation obtained from a nonpenicillin-producing strain of P. chrysogenum, the reaction rate was higher at pH 8.5 than at pH 7.5 and pH 6.5. The acylase of P. chrysogenum hydrolyzes penicillin V more readily than penicillin G. In a series of aliphatic penicillins, the amount of 6-APA formed through the action of this enzyme increased with the number of carbon atoms of the side chain. Penicillins with a glutaryl or an adipyl group as side chain were unaffected by the enzyme of Fusarium and of Penicillium. No reaction was observed upon incubation of penicillin N (with a D-aminoadipyl side chain) or isopenicillin N (with an L-aminoadipyl side chain) with Fusarium and Penicillium extract. When the carboxy group of the side chain of these penicillins was esterified, formation of 6-APA was observed upon incubation with Penicillium extract, whereas no 6-APA or only very small amounts were obtained by acylase of Fusarium.
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PMID:Specificity of penicillin acylase of Fusarium and of Penicillium chrysogenum. 497 22

The clinical sensitivity of the current anti-HIV assays is based for an important part on their reactivity with seroconversion panels. The most sensitive assay closes the seroconversion window as much as possible, thereby reducing the risk of transmitting false negative donations obtained from individuals infected recently. Because of the absence of anti-HIV antibodies during the early phase of infection, the seroconversion window can be narrowed partially by detection of HIV p24 Ag. To achieve this, the highest affinity anti-p24 binding antibodies were selected with BlAcore and applied in a direct assay format. To achieve optimal conditions for the anti-HIV part of the assay the HIV specific antigens viral HIV-1 gp160, HIV-2 gp36 and HIV-1 group O gp41 peptides were used. These antigens and antibodies were applied for microELISA coating as well as in the conjugate pearl, which is present in the well of the microELISA plate. The (analytical) anti-HIV-1/-2 and anti-HIV-1 group O sensitivity of this new assay, Vironostika HIV Uni-Form II Ag/Ab, is at least at the level of the current Vironostika HIV Uni-Form II plus O. When compared to the Vironostika HIV Uni-Form II plus O, the seroconversion window is narrowed by 1-2 weeks due to the incorporation of HIV p24 Ag detection. The level of reactivity of the anti-HIV and HIV Ag detection part can be improved by about a factor 2 by applying continuous shaking during sample incubation. Initial studies suggested that the specificity of the assay is identical to that of the Vironostika HIV Uni-Form II plus O, namely > 99.9%. Monitoring of proper execution of the assay handling steps was facilitated by implementing a purple dye in the conjugate pearl. Colourless specimen diluent changes into a green fluid upon dissolving of the conjugate pearl and turns subsequently into blue/purple upon sample addition. These visual changes can also be determined by spectrophotometric measurement at 620 nm.
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PMID:Strongly enhanced sensitivity of a direct anti-HIV-1/-2 assay in seroconversion by incorporation of HIV p24 ag detection: a new generation vironostika HIV Uni-Form II. 992 40

Although behavior, biology, and ecology of giraffes have been widely studied, little is known about their cognition. Giraffes' feeding ecology and their fission-fusion social dynamics are comparable with those of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), suggesting that they might have complex cognitive abilities. To assess this, we tested 6 captive giraffes on their object permanence, short-term memory, and ability to use acoustic cues to locate food. First, we tested whether giraffes understand that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight. Giraffes saw one of two opaque containers containing food, then containers were closed, and 2 s later giraffes could choose one. Second, we measured giraffes' memory repeating the procedure but with a delay of 30 s, 60 s, or 2 min between closing the containers and subjects' choice. Finally, we investigated whether giraffes could locate food inside one of two identical opaque containers, when the only cue provided was the sound made by food when shaking the baited container, or the lack of sound when shaking the empty container. Our results show that giraffes form mental representations of completely hidden objects, but may not store them for longer than 30 s. Moreover, they rely on stimulus enhancement rather than acoustic cues to locate food, when no visual cues are provided. Finally, we argue that giraffes and other ungulates might be a suitable model to investigate the evolution of complex cognitive abilities from a comparative perspective. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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PMID:Object permanence in Giraffa camelopardalis: First steps in giraffes' physical cognition. 3037 8

We examine how a simple handshake-a gesture that often occurs at the outset of social interactions-can influence deal-making. Because handshakes are social rituals, they are imbued with meaning beyond their physical features. We propose that during mixed-motive interactions, a handshake is viewed as a signal of cooperative intent, increasing people's cooperative behavior and affecting deal-making outcomes. In Studies 1a and 1b, pairs who chose to shake hands at the onset of integrative negotiations obtained better joint outcomes. Study 2 demonstrates the causal impact of handshaking using experimental methodology. Study 3 suggests a driver of the cooperative consequence of handshaking: negotiators expected partners who shook hands to behave more cooperatively than partners who avoided shaking hands or partners whose nonverbal behavior was unknown; these expectations of cooperative intent increased negotiators' own cooperation. Study 4 uses an economic game to demonstrate that handshaking increased cooperation even when handshakes were uninstructed (vs. instructed). Further demonstrating the primacy of signaling cooperative intent, handshaking actually reduced cooperation when the action signaled ill intent (e.g., when the hand-shaker was sick; Study 5). Finally, in Study 6, executives assigned to shake hands before a more antagonistic, distributive negotiation were less likely to lie about self-benefiting information, increasing cooperation even to their own detriment. Together, these studies provide evidence that handshakes, ritualistic behaviors imbued with meaning beyond mere physical contact, signal cooperative intent and promote deal-making. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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PMID:Handshaking promotes deal-making by signaling cooperative intent. 3055 Mar 27

Following biological and comparative perspectives, it was posited that acute stressors would activate more primitive modes of action control favoring gross motor actions (e.g., fight or flight) over behavioral precision. Influences of this type should result in more rapid changes in movement velocity subsequent to emotionally upsetting stimulation. In investigating processes of this type, participants in three experiments (total N = 457) were asked to track a moving visual target as smoothly as possible. The introduction of brief, aversive noise blasts was found to destabilize such efforts. In particular, time-locked analyses revealed the presence of an emotion-related increase in tremor that began quickly and persisted for nearly 2 s. In addition, the persistence component was elevated in the context of higher levels of neuroticism (Experiment 2) and emotional reactivity (Experiment 3). The results speak to questions about the emotion-action interface using a method suited to affective chronometry. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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PMID:Emotion-related variations in motor tremor: Magnitude, time course, and links to emotional temperament. 3119 69