Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0040822 (tremor)
 18,428 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Stunning of poultry is still not solved satisfactorily. This concerns the requirements of animal welfare, meat quality and working conditions in the lairage, stunning and debleeding area. In an investigation of combined CO2-/O2-stunning in a new gas stunning system stress reactions of the animals during the induction phase and stunning effectivity were recorded in 7,000 chicken and 3.825 turkeys. During the induction phase (here: chicken 41 sek./turkeys 25-65 sec.) the animals first staid calm and then showed beak-opening as a consequence of the breathing stimulating effect of CO2. As a further sign of the aversiveness against CO2 the animals showed head shaking and wing flapping. The used settings of gas concentrations and stunning time in the system investigated lead to a very deep stunning resp. Killing of the animals. Therefore the debleeding cut could be performed late (chicken 44-55 sec., turkeys 54-90 sec.) after leaving the system without animals regaining consciousness. The stunning of turkeys with a mixture of CO2 and oxygen is an improvement according to animal welfare requirements because unnecessary pain and suffering, happening very often with electrical stunning, can be avoided. As far as animal welfare in chicken stunning is concerned it must be evaluated if gas stunning means an improvement because stress during the till now relatively long induction phase must be put into relation with comparably lower stress caused by hanging upside down and a fast and safe working electrical stunning unit.
 ...
PMID:[CO2 stunning of broilers and turkey hens]. 1077 72

Relative growth rate (RGR), leaf water potential (psi w), transpiration rate (Tr), photosynthetic rate (Pn), and stomatal and mesophyll resistances to CO2 exchange were measured or calculated to determine how periodic seismic (shaking) stress decreased dry weight accumulation by soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merrill cv Wells II). Seismic stress was applied with a gyratory shaker at 240 to 280 revolutions per minute for 5 minutes three times daily at 0930, 1430, and 1930 hours. Fifteen days of treatment decreased stem length 21%, leaf area 17%, and plant dry weight 18% relative to undisturbed plants. Seismic stress also decreased RGR 4%, which was due entirely to decreased net assimilation rate. Transpiration decreased 17% and leaf psi w increased 39% 30 minutes after treatment. A reduction in Pn began within seconds after the onset of treatment and had declined 16% after 20 minutes, at which time gradual recovery began. Assimilation rate recovered fully before the next seismic treatment 5 hours later. Resistance analysis and calculation of leaf internal CO2 levels indicated that the transitory decrease in Pn caused by periodic seismic stress was due to increased stomatal resistance on the abaxial leaf surface.
 ...
PMID:Influence of seismic stress on photosynthetic productivity, gas exchange, and leaf diffusive resistance of Glycine max (L.) Merrill cv Wells II. 1154 Aug 34

Observations of the behavioral reactions of laying hens and broilers to different gas stunning atmospheres were made. Sixty Hy-Line W-36 hens and 60 market-weight commercial broilers were placed individually into a plexiglass gas stunning unit and exposed to one of six gas atmospheres: air, concentrations of 30, 45, or 60% CO2 in air, a mixture of 70% argon and 30% CO2, and 100% argon. Video records were made during each test, which lasted until the subject became unconscious or for 2 min in the air treatment. Behavior in the 100% argon atmosphere resembled that in air, until birds became impaired by anoxia. All treatments involving CO2, including 70% argon/30% CO2, caused deep breathing and head shaking. The concentration of CO2 in air in the range tested did not affect the tendency to perform different actions, except that birds in 60% CO2 were more likely to exhibit a convulsive flip at the point of collapse. Chickens in 70% argon/30% CO2 tended to demonstrate less sedation and performed more sudden efforts to regain balance during tests than did chickens in CO2 mixtures in air and were more likely to perform a convulsive flip. Deep breathing and head shaking have been suggested as being indicative of respiratory distress and aversive reaction to CO2. The data in this study are consistent with the possibility that head shaking is an alerting response functioning to promote arousal in the face of reduced sensibility during exposure to CO2-enriched atmospheres. Nonetheless, if the view is correct that deep breathing and head shaking indicate distress, the 70% argon/30% CO2 gas mixture was at least as distressing as even 60% CO2 in air. The relative prevalence of sudden efforts to regain balance in 70% argon/30% CO2 suggest that this gas mixture might cause even more distress than up to 60% CO2 in air.
 ...
PMID:Reactions of laying hens and broilers to different gases used for stunning poultry. 1155 25

In nut tree orchards in California, irrigation is typically withheld during the harvest period to reduce the likelihood of bark damage during mechanical shaking of the trees. The ensuing water stress, however, may result in premature defoliation and subsequent yield declines. Our objective was to establish and quantify the water stress resulting from irrigation deprivation and determine its impact on leaf function and persistence in mature almond trees (Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb cv. Nonpareil) during a 3-year field experiment. The severity of the water stress was characterized by measurements of predawn leaf (Psi(pd)) and midday stem (Psi(ms)) water potentials, stomatal conductance (gs), net CO2 assimilation rate (A) and leaf abscission. During 1995, Psi(ms) of fully irrigated (FI) trees was maintained above -1.0 MPa. In trees in the moderate- (MS) and severe-stress (SS) treatments, Psi(ms) was reduced to -1.4 to -2.0 MPa and -2.0 to -2.6 MPa, respectively. After 18 days of irrigation deprivation, A was reduced by 32 and 58% at midday and early afternoon, respectively, compared with morning values. A significant decrease in morning values of A only occurred after 30 days of irrigation deprivation. Water-use efficiency and A declined as evaporative demand increased from morning to afternoon. Assimilation also declined seasonally as leaves aged. Midday stem water potential was highly correlated with A, but less so with gs. The coefficient of determination between Psi(ms) and gs improved considerably when vapor pressure deficit and wind were multiply regressed with Psi(ms). Although A recovered rapidly when MS trees were irrigated, recovery in SS trees was slower and incomplete. Integrating the MS and SS effects for an extended period during 1995 resulted in 14 and 30% declines in A, and 6 and 20% declines in gs, respectively. The apparent Psi(ms) threshold for leaf abscission was -1.8 MPa. Daily canopy light interception declined with decreasing Psi(ms) as a result of premature defoliation (and perhaps altered leaf angles) from 67.9% in FI trees to 61.4 and 60.7% in MS and SS trees, respectively.
 ...
PMID:Effects of irrigation deprivation during the harvest period on leaf persistence and function in mature almond trees. 1156 Aug 20

The fowl nematode Ascaridia galli employed in this experiment was obtained from the intestine of domestic fowls at the local market. The worms selected and washed several times in normal sterilized saline solution. Each about thirty of intact worms were incubated in 50 cc volume of special incubation flasks with incubation mixture consisting of 10 cc of Krebs-Ringer phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) to which were added universally labeled C14-glucose and non-radioactive carrier glucose so as to contain concentration of 200 mg per cent. The worms were allowed to incubation for 3 hours in Dubnoff metabolic shaking incubator at 38 degrees C. After incubation period, respiratory CO2 samples from central well of incubation flask were analysed for total CO2 production rate and their specific activity of respiratory CO2. Glycogen samples isolated from worms were analysed for uptake rate was determined by analyzing the difference of the glucose concentration in a medium before and after incubation period. Radioactivities of these series of experiments were counted by an endwindow Geiger-Muller counter as an infinitely thin samples. The quantitative analysis of C(14)-glucose utilized by Ascaridia galli was summarized as the following. 1. The glucose uptake rate by A. galli was a mean value of 1.73 +/- 0.32 micro M/hr/g of wet wt. and total CO2 production rate by the worms averaged 8.44 +/- 1.11 micro M/hr/g of wet wt. The relative specific activity of respiratory CO2 (R.S.A CO2) averaged 2.68 +/- 0.38 per cent. Thus, a man of 2.68 per cent of total CO2 production rate was originated from the glucose in the medium, therefore the rate of CO2 production derived from medium glucose was a mean of 0.23 +/- 0.03 micro M/hr/g of wet wt. Thus, the average value of 2.58 +/- 0.55 percent (R.G.D CO2)of glucose utilized by the worms from the medium glucose was oxidized to respiratory CO2. 2. The tissue concentration of glycogen in A. galli was a mean of 22.59 +/- 1.18 mg per gram of wet wt or 2.26 +/- 0.123 percent per gram, and the turnover rate of glycogen pool yielded with a mean of 0.17 +/- 0.04 percent per hour or 0.037 +/- 0.006 miligram per hour per gram of wet wt. Therefore, a mean value of 16.37 +/- 4.04 per cent (R.G.D gly) of glucose was incorporated to the glycogen. 3. These data account for that at least 18.95 per cent of the utilized glucose by the worms participated in furnishing the oxidation into respiratory CO2 and the synthetic process into glycogen. According to the above data of the experiment, it is suggested in the metabolic process of glucose by Ascaridia galli that the synthetic process into the glycogen is more active than the oxidative process into the respiratory CO2.
 ...
PMID:[Metabolism of C(14)-glucose by Ascaridia galli] 1291 81

The adult trematodes, Fasciola hepatica, Eurytrema pancreaticum and Paramphistomum cervi, employed in this experiment were obtained from the cattle slaughtered at the local abbatoir. The worms selected and washed several times in normal sterilized saline solution. Each about ten of intact F. hepatica, fourty of E. pancreaticum, and twenty of P. cervi were incubated in 50 cc volume of special incubation flasks with incubation medium consisting of 10 cc. of Krebs-Ringer phosphate buffer(pH 7.4) The incubation medium was added C(14)-1-acetate and non-radioactive carrier Na-acetate so as to contain acetate concentration of 50 mg per cent. The worms were allowed to incubate for 5 hours in the Dubnoff metabolic shaking incubator at 38 degrees C. After incubation period, respiratory CO2 samples from central well of incubation flask were analysed for total CO2 production rate and their specific activity of respiratory CO2. The lactate and pyruvate appearance rates were determined by analyzing the lactate and pyruvate concentration in a medium after incubation. The glycogen samples isolated from worms were analyzed for the tissue concentration and their radioactivities in order to determine the turnover rate of glycogen pool. Radioactivities of these series of experiments were counted by an endwindow Geiger-Muller counter as an infinitely thin samples. The quantitative analysis of C(14)-acetate utilized by F. hepatica, E. pancreaticum and P. cervi were compared and discussed in this report. According to these data of the experiment, it is suggested that the fatty acid such as acetate may play a part of their oxidative process into the respiratory CO2 and the synthetic process into glycogen in the above species of trematodes.
 ...
PMID:[Metabolism of C(14)-acetate by some trematodes] 1291 83

The adult worm and plerocercoid larva(sparganum) of Diphyllobothrium mansoni and Moniezia expansa employed in this experiment. The adult worms were divided into three portions, i.e. immature, mature and gravid proglottids, and each proglottids were incubated in 50 cc or 250 cc volume of special incubation flasks with incubation medium consisting of 10 cc of 25 cc of Krebs-Ringer phosphate buffer (pH 7.4). The incubation medium was added C(14)-acetate and non-radioactive carrier Na-acetate so as to contain acetate concentration of 50 mg per cent. The worms were allowed to incubate for 5 hours in the Dubnoff metabolic shaking incubator at 38 degrees C. After incubation period, the lactate and pyruvate appearance rate, total CO2 production tate, the turnover rates were employed as pervious report(Seo et al., 1965). The quantitative analysis of C(14)-acetate utilized by the adult worm and plerocercoid larva of D. mansoni and M. expansa were compared and discussed in this report. According to these data of the experiment, it is impressed that the fatty acid such as acetate may play a role of major part of their metabolism in the adult worm and plerocercoid larva of D. mansoni, whereas minor part of acetate participated in the metabolism by M. expansa.
 ...
PMID:[Metabolism of C(14)-acetate by cestodes] 1291 84

Precipitation experiments with aqueous solutions of the Kokubo's revised simulated body fluid (rSBF) equal to 2, 4, 8, and 12 times the ionic concentration of human blood plasma were performed. Instead of Hepes, solution pH was adjusted to the desired value of 7.40 +/- 0.02 by either bubbling of CO2 or addition of HCl. The experiments were performed in tightly closed plastic vessels kept at 37.0 +/- 0.2 degrees C for 72 h under permanent shaking. Afterward, the suspensions were filtrated, and the precipitates were collected and analyzed. The results revealed that increasing the concentration of rSBF resulted in great changes in both the structure and the chemical composition of the precipitates. Phosphate substitution for carbonate (although the amounts of calcium and magnesium remained unchanged) and crystallinity decreasing were the most important modifications found in the precipitates formed from the highly condensed solutions of rSBF.
 ...
PMID:Structure and properties of the precipitates formed from condensed solutions of the revised simulated body fluid. 1456

The purpose of this study was to investigate the suitability of gas mixtures for euthanasia of groups of broilers in their housing by increasing the percentage of CO2. The suitability was assessed by the level of discomfort before loss of consciousness, and the killing rate. The gas mixtures injected into the housing were 1) 100% CO2, 2) 50% N2 + 50% CO2, and 3) 30% O2 + 40% CO2 + 30% N2, followed by 100% CO2. At 2 and 6 wk of age, groups of 20 broiler chickens per trial were exposed to increasing CO2 percentages due to the injection of these gas mixtures. Behavior and killing rate were examined. At the same time, 2 broilers per trial equipped with brain electrodes were observed for behavior and brain activity. Ten percent of the 2-wk-old broilers survived the increasing CO2 percentage due to the injection of 30% O2 + 40% CO2 + 30% N2 mixture, therefore this mixture was excluded for further testing at 6 wk of age. At 6 wk of age, 30% of the broilers survived in the 50% N2 + 50% CO2 group. The highest level of CO2 in the breathing air (42%) was reached by the injection of the 100% CO2 mixture, vs. 25% for the other 2 mixtures. In all 3 gas mixtures, head shaking, gasping, and convulsions were observed before loss of posture. Loss of posture and suppression of electrical activity of the brain (n = 7) occurred almost simultaneously. The results of this experiment indicate that euthanasia of groups of 2- and 6-wk-old broilers by gradually increasing the percentage of CO2 in the breathing air up to 40% is possible.
 ...
PMID:On-farm euthanasia of broiler chickens: effects of different gas mixtures on behavior and brain activity. 1533 3

In this paper a novel and easily applied method to measure the mass transfer resistance of the sterile closures (e.g. cotton plug) of shaken bioreactors is introduced. This method requires no investment in special equipment (e.g. an oxygen sensor) and can be performed with the materials usually available in typical laboratories. The method is based on the model of Henzler et al. (1986), which mechanistically describes mass transfer through the sterile closure of a shaken bioreactor based on diffusion coupled with Stefan convection. The concentration dependency of the multi-component diffusion coefficients is taken into account. The water loss from two equivalent shaken bioreactors equipped with sterile closures during several days of shaking is measured. One flask contains distilled water, the other a saturated salt solution. From the water evaporation rate in each of the two flasks, the new model presented calculates the relative humidity in the environment, the average diffusion coefficient of oxygen in the sterile closure (D(O2)), and the diffusion coefficient of carbon dioxide (D(CO2)) . The diffusion coefficient of carbon dioxide (D(CO2)) only depends on the density and material properties of the sterile closure and not on the gas concentrations and is, therefore, an ideal parameter for the characterization of the mass transfer resistance. This new method is validated experimentally by comparing the diffusion coefficient of oxygen (D(O2)) to a measurement by the classic dynamic method; and by comparing the calculated relative humidity in the environment to a humidity sensor measurement.
 ...
PMID:New method to determine the mass transfer resistance of sterile closures for shaken bioreactors. 1749 34


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 Next >>