Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0040822 (tremor)
 18,428 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Platelet concentrates (PC) were stored in plastic bags with continuous shaking at 4, 22, and 37 C. Various metabolic parameters were examined over a 72-hour period. At 22 C, the pH and PO2 declined over 72 hours while the PCO2 and lactate increased. Hypotonic shock declined to 70 per cent. This differed from the small amounts of CO2 and lactate found at 4 C and the marked accumulation of metabolites and almost complete loss of shock response at 37 C. Aggregation was always better maintained with 4 C storage. The toxic effect of the accumulation of metabolites on the platelets was tested by adding lactate to fresh PC at zero time. This was effective in lowering the initial pH, markedly inhibiting the response to aggregation and decreasing the total accumulation of lactate during storage, but did not produce an inhibition of hypotonic shock response. The effect of accumulation of toxic metabolites was further investigated by using 72-hour plasma and platelets and recombining each of them with fresh preparations. Platelets were tested under degassed conditions to outline the requirements for oxygen and gasious exchange. Surprisingly, there was less accumulation of lactate and CO2 and better hypotonic shock response. These experiments have detected various changes in viability markers in platelets that are stored under actual blood bank conditions and indicate that the accumulation of lactate is not totally responsible for the toxic inhibition of platelet performance that is found upon storage at 22 C.
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PMID:Metabolic changes during platelet storage. 1 76

We compared several sets of conditions used to estimate metabolism in rat lung slices. 14CO2 production from [14C]glucose, oxygen consumption, lactate production, and glucose consumption were used as measures of metabolic activity. The calculated results differed when we used 1) different techniques for estimating tissue weight, 2) tissue slices of 0.3-, 0.5-, 0.7-, and 1.0-mm thickness, 3) 95% air or 95% oxygen with 5% CO2 4) a delay after slice preparation and 4 degrees C and room temperature or periods of anoxia before incubation, 5) shaking rates of 60, 90, 120, or 150/min, 6) phosphate or bicarbonate buffers. Conditions of maximal activity were found using 95% O2 with 1.0-mm tissue slices, shaking at 120/min in phosphate buffer without periods of hypoxia or undue delays before incubation. Tissue weight should be obtained without exposure to aqueous solutions or dehydration by contact with cotton gauze or filter paper.
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PMID:Metabolism in rat lung tissue slices: technical factors. 59 83

Galanin has been reported to stimulate secretion of GH in humans and rats. Thus, to investigate whether the effect of galanin on GH release is the result of either a stimulation of GH-releasing factor (GRF) and/or an inhibition of somatostatin (SRIF) release, we have evaluated the action of galanin on the release of SRIF and GRF from median eminence (ME) fragments in vitro. The MEs from adult male rats were incubated in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate-glucose buffer, pH 7.4, at 37 degrees C, in an atmosphere of 95% O2, 5% CO2 with constant shaking for 30 min. Medium was discarded and replaced by medium containing various concentrations of galanin (10(-10)-10(-7) M). Galanin stimulated SRIF and GRF release in a dose-related manner. This effect was significant at concentrations varying from 10(-8) to 10(-7) M. To determine the mechanism by which galanin stimulated SRIF and GRF release, MEs were incubated with pimozide (dopaminergic blocker), phentolamine (alpha-adrenergic blocker) or naloxone (opioid blocker), at concentrations of 10(-6) M, and the effect of galanin was then evaluated. Phentolamine and naloxone did not alter the stimulatory effect of galanin, but when galanin was tested with pimozide, the galanin-induced release of SRIF and GRF was blocked. To determine whether the effect of galanin is mediated through D-1 and/or D-2 dopamine receptors, selective antagonists of D-1 (SCH 23390) and D-2 receptors (domperidone) were used (10(-7) M) in the presence of galanin (10(-7) M).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:The effect of galanin on growth hormone-releasing factor and somatostatin release from median eminence fragments in vitro. 128 34

Enzyme stability studies in case of Sclerotium rolfsii UV-8 mutant have been investigated under the conditions used for saccharification of cellulose (50 degrees C, pH 4.5, 48 h). Avicelase (measure of exoenzymes) and xylanase were found to be less stable than CMCase (endoglucanase) and beta-glucosidase. Merthiolate (and other Hg compounds) added as a biocide, inactivated avicelase and xylanase about 60-70%. Of the antibiotics tested, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and streptomycin sulfate were found suitable as an additive in cellulose hydrolysis system. The optimum hydrolysis of alkali-treated (AT)-rice straw, AT-bagasse, Solka Floc SW40, and Avicel P.H.101 was observed under shaking conditions at pH 4.5, 50 degrees C in CO2 atmosphere. It is suggested, all the studied parameters could be used for the evaluation of mutant strains.
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PMID:Factors affecting stability of Sclerotium rolfsii UV-8 mutant cellulase complex under saccharification conditions. 179 12

Indole-3-propionic acid (IPA), a phytohormone derivative, is a potent inhibitor of growth of Legionella pneumophila cultivated extracellularly in a chemically defined hypotonic medium and intracellularly in human monocytes. The inhibitory activity turns into bactericidal activity with increasing concentrations. The susceptibility of the microorganism to IPA was more evident in "fast-growing" cultures (under conditions of vigorous shaking) than in static cultures growing under an atmosphere of 5% CO2-95% air, which resulted in a decreased growth rate. The MIC, after incubation with the drug for 48 h and as determined by counting of the CFU, was 1.58 microM for fast-growing cultures and 2.64 microM for those grown under static conditions. The MBCs were 5.28 and 26.43 microM, respectively. Tryptophan (Trp) at 150 microM prevented the inhibition caused by 2.64 microM IPA, increased the MIC about 3-fold, and increased the MBC by 10-fold. The effect of Trp was less remarkable in "slow-growing" cultures. The susceptibility of L. pneumophila proliferating in human monocytes was markedly lower than that when it was cultivated extracellularly in the chemically defined hypotonic medium. The MIC after incubation for 48 h was 5.28 microM, and a decrease in viable count was achieved with 105.70 microM. The lower susceptibility was apparently due (at least partially) to the presence of Trp (24.50 microM) in the RPMI 1640 medium that was used for the monocyte cultures. The effect of IPA was time dependent, and prolonged exposure enhanced the bactericidal activity and turned the inhibitory dose into a bactericidal dose. The present data demonstrate that IPA is a potent anti-L. pneumophila factor, although it has a markedly lower activity against bacteria growing intracellularly compared with its activity against extracellularly proliferating microorganisms.
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PMID:Susceptibility of Legionella pneumophila grown extracellularly and in human monocytes to indole-3-propionic acid. 181 Jan 85

The behavioral effects of elevated PACO2 were examined to clarify risks due to CO2 retention in diving. In two separate laboratory studies, experienced divers breathed 6% CO2 mixtures under normobaric conditions. Normoxic study: Subjects (n = 8) first breathed air (control); then 6% CO2, 21% O2, balance N2 (exposure); and then air again (postexposure). Hyperoxic study: Subjects (n = 10) first breathed 100% O2; then 6% CO2 in O2; and then O2 again. Subjects performed a test battery in each condition. In the control and postexposure conditions, tests consisted of simple and choice reaction time, postural sway, tremor, and hand steadiness. In the exposure conditions, only the simple and choice reaction time tests were performed. No significant performance decrements during CO2 exposure were found in either study. However, regression analyses indicated that changes in postural sway, tremor, and decision-making time after normoxic CO2 exposure were proportional to decrements in individual end-tidal PCO2 levels following CO2 exposure. We conclude that divers may be at risk for performance impairment immediately after a period of CO2 retention.
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PMID:Behavioral effects of increased CO2 load in divers. 210 18

Oxyrase is an enzyme mixture coveted by microbiologists for its unique ability to remove O2 from media in which anaerobic bacteria are grown. The study reported here examined the potential usefulness of Oxyrase as an adjunct to gassing freshly isolated rat proximal tubules (RPT) with 95% N2-5% CO2 in an attempt to achieve totally O2-free conditions (anoxia) before initiating studies on the mechanism of O2 deprivation injury in vitro. RPT, in 6 ml of Krebs-Henseleit buffer (KHB), were initially gassed with 95% N2-5% CO2 at 1.5 liters/min for 5 min and incubated for 15 to 30 min at 37 degrees C in a shaking water bath, pO2 decreased from approximately 400 to 80 mm Hg. If RPT were present in the KHB, pO2 was even lower, i.e., approximately 50 mm Hg. Addition of increasing concentrations of Oxyrase (300 to 1,500 mU) to KHB alone, that is, without RPT, reduced pO2 from 80 mm Hg to less than 5 mm Hg; increasing the gas rate from 1.5 to 3.0 liter/min of 95% N2-5% CO2, the concentration of Oxyrase to 1,800 mU, and adding RPT reduced pO2 to zero. In this latter condition, pO2 remained unmeasurable during the 20 min of study and neither pH nor pCO2 changed compared with control values. Oxyrase (1,800 mU) had no effect on lactate dehydrogenase release, a sign of membrane injury, in normoxic RPT in KHB. We conclude that anoxia can easily be achieved by the addition of Oxyrase to KHB in which RPT are suspended, if the appropriate concentration of Oxyrase is added and if the RPT are gassed with 95% N2-5% CO2. This concentration of Oxyrase exerts no detrimental effects on RPT gassed with 95% O2-5% CO2.
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PMID:A novel method of inducing and assuring total anoxia during in vitro studies of O2 deprivation injury. 213 35

A protocol for the biochemical study of platelet stored for transfusional use at 22 degrees C and under continuous shaking in a plastic bag highly permeable to gases and with a suitable area/volume ratio, is described. Plasmatic dextrose, lactic acid, lactic dehydrogenase activity, cellular ATP and malonyldialdehyde were monitored during the storage, as well as some acid-base indexes namely: pH, pCO2, HCO3-, pO2. The platelet functional status was checked as aggregating power induced by ADP and collagen and by beta-thromboglobulin release. The results obtained are indicative of a discrete maintenance of aerobic metabolism by platelets which are able to give up CO2 and take up O2 so that the plasmatic pH is constant during the storage. However, the malonyldialdehyde increase suggests that platelets become increasingly susceptible to peroxidative attacks. The aggregating response was dramatically reduced even on the third day of storage. The data obtained point out that, under the conditions reported, platelets can be transfused up to the third day of storage.
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PMID:Biochemical and functional changes of platelet stored for transfusional use. 244 9

Recovery from inhalation anesthesia is often marked by the occurrence of postoperative tremor that resembles shivering, which is known to be associated with an increase in oxygen uptake (VO2), CO2 output (VCO2), and minute ventilation (VE). This study determined the time course of the ventilatory changes observed during the first hour of recovery from isoflurane anesthesia. Ten patients (ASA PS 1) scheduled for minor orthopedic surgery (knee arthroscopy) were included in this study. Anesthesia was induced with thiopental (5 mg/kg) and maintained with 70% N2O and isoflurane (1-2%) in oxygen, allowing spontaneous ventilation. In the recovery room, after N2O had been discontinued, patients were connected to a Beckman Metabolic measurement cart, which allowed a continuous monitoring of VE, VO2, VCO2, and PETCO2. Postoperative tremor was observed in all patients within 7.1 +/- 1.2 min (mean +/- SEM) after isoflurane discontinuation and was associated with a marked increase in the following: VO2, from 173 +/- 26 ml/min at the end of anesthesia to 457 +/- 88 ml/min; VCO2, from 149 +/- 18 ml/min at the end of anesthesia to 573 +/- 98 ml/min; and VE, from 6.8 +/- 0.7 l/min at the end of anesthesia to 16.6 +/- 2.8 l/min (values obtained 20 min after isoflurane discontinuation). In three patients during intense shivering, VO2, VCO2, and VE reached peak values higher than 800 ml/min, 1,300 ml/min and 30 l/min, respectively. This study shows that postoperative tremor following isoflurane anesthesia may be associated with prolonged and large increases in oxygen uptake, CO2 output, and minute ventilation.
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PMID:Changes in ventilation, oxygen uptake, and carbon dioxide output during recovery from isoflurane anesthesia. 249 61

1. The metabolism of mouse thioglycollate-elicited peritoneal macrophages was studied in culture for up to 96 h. 2. The rates of glycolysis, lactate formation and glutamine utilization were approximately linear with time for at least 80 h of culture. 3. The rates of glucose and glutamine utilization by cultured macrophages were approx. 500 and 90 nmol/h per mg of protein respectively. This rate of glucose utilization is at least 50% greater than that previously reported for macrophages during 60 min incubation in a shaking flask; and it is now increased by addition of glutamine to the culture medium. The rate of glutamine utilization in culture is similar to that previously reported for macrophages during 60 min incubation. The major end-product of glucose metabolism is lactate, and those of glutamine metabolism are CO2, glutamate, ammonia and alanine. 4. Oleate was utilized by these cells: 14C from [14C]oleate was incorporated into CO2 and cellular lipid. The highest rate of oleate utilization was observed when both glucose and glutamine were present in the culture medium. The presence of oleate in the culture medium did not affect the rates of utilization of either glucose or glutamine. Of the [14C]oleate incorporated into lipid, approx. 80% was incorporated into triacylglycerol and only 18% into phospholipid. 5. The turnover rate for the total ATP content of the macrophage in culture is about 10 times per minute: the value for the perfused isolated maximally working rat heart is 22. This indicates a high metabolic rate for macrophages, and consequently emphasizes the importance of the provision of fuels for their function in an immune response.
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PMID:Rates of utilization of glucose, glutamine and oleate and formation of end-products by mouse peritoneal macrophages in culture. 277 7


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