Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0040822 (tremor)
 18,428 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Pieces of liver, kidney and urinary bladder were fixed in 10% formalin. In order to study the velocity of the dehydration process tissue specimens of standardized size were rinsed and equilibrated with water containing 3H2O. The specimens were then put into vials with 100% ethanol or acetone; the vials were either shaken continuously or left stationary. The concentration of 3H in the dehydration medium was determined at frequent intervals. If the vials were shaken, steady concentrations of 3H were reached within about 50 min when ethanol was used, and about 30 min with acetone, indicating that dehydration was complete. With the vials left standing still the corresponding times exceeded 12 h. In other experiments dehydration was carried out with intermittent shaking in rising concentrations of ethanol or acetone; in these cases about 4 h were required.
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PMID:Studies on the rate of dehydration of histological specimens. 329 52

The autofluorescence of isolated rat liver cell plasma membranes was characterized in vitro in relation to the autofluorescence used previously for fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) studies. The fluorescence of membrane preparations displayed an emission pattern with a maximum at around 525 nm when excited with a 468 nm blue light. The excitation spectrum monitored at 525 nm closely resembled that of flavin compounds (riboflavin, FAD, FMN). The chloroform extract of the membrane fraction showed practically no fluorescence, whereas, both the water-soluble and water-insoluble protein fractions remaining after chloroform extraction were strongly fluorescent. The fluorescence disappeared almost completely under the effect of sodium hydrosulfite, and recovered after oxidation either by shaking in air or by adding buffered hydrogen peroxide solution. The fluorescence of the acid extract of the plasma membranes photolyzed in an alkaline medium was quite similar to that of lumiflavin obtained from the photolysis of riboflavin in an alkaline medium. The plasma membranes prepared from isolated hepatocytes (which were completely devoid of endothelial cell contamination) exhibited the same autofluorescence in the liver cell plasma membranes. The results suggest that the autofluorescence of the liver cell plasma membranes is most likely of a character similar to that of flavin, bound to hepatocyte plasma membrane proteins. This fluorescence is suitable for measuring the average lateral diffusion constant of proteins by means of FRAP methods.
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PMID:Characterization of the autofluorescence of rat liver plasma membranes. 335 26

Dansylation of phenolic steroids was carried out in chloroform-water and hexane-water two-phase systems with a tetrabutylammonium salt as phase transfer catalyst. Derivatization was complete within a few minutes on shaking at room temperature. Direct injection of part of the organic phase into a normal-phase liquid chromatography system was possible. The calibration graph of ethinyl estradiol, dansylated in a chloroform-water two-phase system, was linear over three orders of magnitude with a correlation coefficient of 0.993 (n = 8). The detection limit of dansylated ethinyl estradiol was 100 pg (signal-to-noise ratio = 2). The reproducibility of the derivatization at an analyte concentration of 200 ng/ml in chloroform was 4.1% (relative standard deviation; n = 5). A mechanism is proposed for the phase transfer catalysed dansylation of phenolic compounds.
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PMID:Rapid and simple dansylation of phenolic steroids using a two-phase system and phase transfer catalysis. 336 Aug 84

Four patients with severe aplastic anemia were treated with a combination of cyclosporin (5 mg/kg/day) and steroids (prednisone 0.2-0.8 mg/kg/day 3/4 days). A positive response (transfusions stopped, granulocytes greater than 1500/mm3, thrombocytes greater than 50,000/mm3) was achieved in three of these patients. The therapy had a rapid effect on reticulocytes and granulocytes (7-14 days) while platelet numbers took longer to correct (2-4 months). All patients presented signs of dyserythropoiesis with macrocytosis. Side effects of therapy were minor (tremor, water retention, gynecomastia, hirsutism). In this series, the combination of cyclosporin with steroids appears to be an effective treatment for severe aplastic anemia with a more rapid result and better tolerance in comparison to antilymphocyte serum.
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PMID:[Treatment of severe aplastic anemia with a cyclosporin-corticosteroid combination]. 342 63

The effects on the locomotor pattern of a noradrenergic agonist (clonidine) and an antagonist (yohimbine) were studied in 3 adult chronic spinal cats walking on a treadmill. In the early post-transection period, when the cat walked mainly on the tip of its feet, without supporting its own weight, it was observed that clonidine (150 micrograms/kg) could induce a good bilateral foot placement and intermittent complete weight support. When clonidine was given 1-3 months following the transection, at a time when the spinal cats had a stable and regular locomotor performance, the step length increased markedly, especially at low speeds. This was associated with an increase in the duration of the flexor and extensor bursts, as well as an increase of the angular excursion of all joints. These effects, seen during forward locomotion, were also observed during backward locomotion. In addition, the latter was more easily elicited after clonidine. Yohimbine (1.5-3 mg/kg) partially antagonized these effects. The threshold current needed to elicit a small flexion reflex through wires implanted in the dorsum of the paw was 2-3 times higher after clonidine. Trains of shocks in the animal, standing quietly, did not induce the prolonged late discharges normally found in acute spinal cats. Fast paw shaking, elicited by dipping one paw in water, was abolished by clonidine and reappeared after yohimbine. These results indicate that noradrenergic drugs may influence both spinal locomotion and the excitability of cutaneous reflexes. This class of substances could thus play a useful role in the recovery and/or maintenance of locomotor functions after spinal trauma.
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PMID:The effects of clonidine and yohimbine on locomotion and cutaneous reflexes in the adult chronic spinal cat. 342 84

A large amount of cholera toxin (CT) was produced by Vibrio cholerae O1 cultured in yeast extract-peptone water. The organisms were cultured initially in a stationary test tube (small surface-to-volume ratio) until the end of the exponential phase and subsequently cultured in a shaking flask for 15 to 20 h. By this method (previously reported as the AKI-SW method), most cholera vibrios produced an abundance of CT (up to 64 micrograms/ml), regardless of their biotype and serotype. A substantial amount of CT was produced even in basic peptone water (2% peptone, 0.5% NaCl). Use of sodium bicarbonate, which markedly stimulated CT production in the stationary test tube culture, was undesirable for CT production by the culture method used here. CT production was greatly influenced by culture conditions but was not significantly affected by the composition of the medium.
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PMID:Large production of cholera toxin by Vibrio cholerae O1 in yeast extract peptone water. 342 23

The reproductive toxicity of a single oral dose/mouse (15-50 mg/kg) of cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) in the early phase of pregnancy (day 2-8) was investigated. Male mice used in this study were untreated. A limited number of pregnant mice were treated with 66 mg/kg ergonovine maleate (po, sc) to compare its effect with that of an equivalent dose of CPA (50 mg/kg). Among control sperm-positive mice treated with po NaHCO3 solution, 97.5% were gravid on necropsy day (pregnancy day 12). A single dose of CPA (15-50 mg/kg, po) given on days 2 to 8, decreased the pregnancy rates significantly. In groups treated with a single dose of CPA on pregnancy day 4 to 8, vaginal hemorrhage was observed 1 to 7 days after treatment, and it usually resulted in termination of pregnancy (abortion). Fetal resorption rates were higher than the control rate only in the groups treated with 30 mg/kg CPA po on day 4 or 8. CPA decreased body weight gains and the weights of uteri with fetuses. The ovary weights were generally not changed. Ergonovine maleate (66 mg/kg, sc, po) had no significant effect on all of the parameters examined. The estrous cycle returned without any delay in sperm-positive mice in which nidation of fertilized eggs had been inhibited by CPA, and also in nonpregnant mice (used for the LD50 determination) surviving near lethal doses of CPA (50-70 mg/kg, po). The oral LD50 value for CPA in nonpregnant mice was 64 +/- 4.4 mg/kg, and the toxicity signs were ptosis, hypokinesia, hypothermia, action tremor, cessation of food and water intake and resulting cachexia. The duration and intensity of these toxic signs were dose dependent.
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PMID:Toxic effects of cyclopiazonic acid in the early phase of pregnancy in mice. 357 73

An analytical method is developed to quantitatively determine glucosamine, galactosamine, and mannosamine in dried-and-ground burley and flue-cured tobaccos. Extraction is shown to be quantitative in the range of 0.01 to 2.0% (w/w). The extraction procedure consists of shaking one g of sample with 50 mL of deionized water adjusted to pH 7 for 30 min. This extract is filtered directly into an autosampler vial. An autosampler is programmed to withdraw two different aliquots: one with o-phthalaldehyde (OPA) derivatizing solution and the second one from the tobacco extract. The derivatization reaction occurs in the tubing connecting the autosampler and the chromatographic column. The OPA derivatives of these aminosugars are then detected with a fluorimetric detector, and their simultaneous analysis is performed with an external standard. This method is shown to be selective, accurate, and precise.
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PMID:Analysis of OPA-derivatized amino sugars in tobacco by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorimetric detection. 366 35

The simultaneous control of the hindlimb paw-shake response and hindlimb walking at slow treadmill speeds (0.2-0.4 m/s) was examined in adult cats spinalized at the T12 level, 3-6 mo earlier. Paw shaking was elicited by either 1) application of adhesive tape or 2) water to the right hindpaw. To assess intralimb and interlimb coordination of the combined behaviors, activity from selected flexor and extensor muscles at the hip, knee, and ankle was recorded, and the kinematics of these joints were determined from high-speed cinefilm. When paw shaking was combined with hindlimb walking, the response in the stimulated limb was initiated during swing (F phase) of the step cycle. The onset of knee extensor activity provided the transition from the flexor synergy of swing to the mixed synergy of paw shake. At the end of the paw shake, an extensor synergy initiated the E-1 phase of swing, and the resultant joint motion was in-phase extension at the hip, knee, and ankle to lower the paw for contact with the treadmill belt. During the rapid (81 ms) paw-shake cycles, knee extensor and ankle flexor muscles exhibited single, coactive bursts that were reciprocal with coactive hip and ankle extensor bursts. This mixed synergy was reflected in the limb coordination, as knee flexion coincided with ankle extension and knee flexion coincided with ankle extension. Phasing of hip motions was variable, reflecting the role of the proximal in stabilization during paw shake (16). Although the number of paw-shake cycles combined during swing varied greatly from 2 to 14, average cycle periods, burst durations, and intralimb synergies were similar to those previously reported for spinal cats tested under conditions in which the trunk was suspended and hindlimbs were pendent (23, 27). For step cycles during which a long paw-shake response of 8-14 cycles occurred, swing duration of the shaking limb increased by 1 s, and during this prolonged interval, the contralateral hindlimb completed two support steps. Stance duration of the support steps was also prolonged. This adjustment maximized the duration of paw-contact and minimized any period of nonsupport by the contralateral hindlimb during paw shake. Completion of the paw-shake response was followed by either an alternating, or a nonalternating, gait pattern on the recovery steps. One spinal cat combined locomotion with short two-cycle paw-shake responses, and because the shortened response was limited primarily to the time ordinarily devoted to swing, interlimb adjustments were slight.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Simultaneous control of two rhythmical behaviors. II. Hindlimb walking with paw-shake response in spinal cat. 374 94

Conditions influencing the survival of Campylobacter jejuni in the natural aquatic environment have been determined. Release of Campylobacter spp. into natural waters by animal hosts is postulated to play a key role in the maintenance of viability and transmission of the organism in the environment. Laboratory flask microcosms containing filter-sterilized stream water were used to test C. jejuni for the ability to remain viable in simulated natural systems. The microcosms were compared with the biphasic and shaking broth procedures used routinely for growth of Campylobacter spp. in the research laboratory. The stream-water microcosms were analyzed to determine effects of temperature and aeration on the survival of a well-characterized C. jejuni strain isolated originally from a human campylobacteriosis patient. Morphological characteristics were evaluated by phase-contrast microscopy and scanning or transmission electron microscopy. Survival curves were quantified on the basis of plate counts, epifluorescent microscopy, optical density measurements, and direct viable counts associated with protein synthesis in the absence of DNA replication. A significant difference was observed between results of direct enumeration, i.e., direct viable counts or acridine orange direct counts, and those from spread plate cultures. In all cases, increasing temperature of cultivation resulted in decreased recoverability on laboratory media, due possibly to an increased metabolic rate, as analyzed by CO2 evolution in the presence of radiolabeled glutamate. Stream water held at low temperature (4 degrees C) sustained significant numbers of campylobacters for greater than 4 months. Microcosms, aerated with shaking, exhibited logarithmic decline in recoverable C. jejuni, while stationary systems underwent a more moderate rate of decrease to the nonculturable state.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Viable but nonculturable stage of Campylobacter jejuni and its role in survival in the natural aquatic environment. 376 58


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