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 18,428 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The purpose of this investigation was to study the knowledge about HIV infection and AIDS among dental students in Helsinki, Finland, and in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. All respondents knew that HIV is not transmitted via hand-shaking, drinking water, or breathing air. More than half of the students in both countries did not know that HIV can be transmitted via breast-feeding. A higher proportion of students in Dar es Salaam than in Helsinki believed that all HIV-positive persons will get AIDS. Tanzanians recognized the early symptoms of HIV infection better than the Finnish students. Many students in both countries did not mention bisexual men as belonging to the high-risk group. Most of the dental students in Dar es Salaam but only one in five in Helsinki believed that dentists belong to the at-risk group.
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PMID:Dental students' knowledge of AIDS and HIV infection in Helsinki, Finland, and in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. 205 32

For mass cultivation of Candida albicans (serotype A), a fermenter dialysis culture technique is described and compared with shaking culture and fermenter batch culture techniques. Important growth parameters such as yeast dry weight and viable cell counts demonstrate the advantage of the fermenter dialysis culture. Mannan, the major antigen from Candida albicans prepared by phenol-water extraction followed by gel chromatography was tested with the monoclonal IgM antibody H5.
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PMID:[Use of fermenter-dialysis culture for the cultivation of medically relevant microbes. III. Candida albicans]. 209 Aug 5

Bacillus cereus strain Socransky 67 and Streptococcus mutans strain Ingbritt were grown overnight in complex medium and then in fresh medium flasks for 5 h. The bacterial cells in the medium were centrifuged and resuspended; 4-14C-progesterone or 4-14C-testosterone was added, and the samples were incubated for 2 h at 37 degrees C in a shaking water bath. The metabolites were analyzed with column and thin layer chromatography and radioautography and quantified by liquid scintillation counting. On the basis of the metabolites found it was concluded that B. cereus strain Socransky 67 contains 5 alpha-steroid hydrogenase, and 3 beta-, 17 beta- and 20 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases and probably also steroid hydroxylases, and that S. mutans strain Ingbritt contains 5 alpha- and 5 beta-steroid hydrogenases, and 3 alpha-, 17 beta- and 20 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases. The metabolic activity of B. cereus is several times higher than that of S. mutans. We suggest that the greater ability of B. cereus to metabolize progesterone and testosterone is probably due to its growth milieu in the gingival sulcus, where it is nearer to the gingival tissue.
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PMID:Metabolism of progesterone and testosterone by Bacillus cereus strain Socransky 67 and Streptococcus mutans strain Ingbritt. 212 57

Oxyrase is an enzyme mixture coveted by microbiologists for its unique ability to remove O2 from media in which anaerobic bacteria are grown. The study reported here examined the potential usefulness of Oxyrase as an adjunct to gassing freshly isolated rat proximal tubules (RPT) with 95% N2-5% CO2 in an attempt to achieve totally O2-free conditions (anoxia) before initiating studies on the mechanism of O2 deprivation injury in vitro. RPT, in 6 ml of Krebs-Henseleit buffer (KHB), were initially gassed with 95% N2-5% CO2 at 1.5 liters/min for 5 min and incubated for 15 to 30 min at 37 degrees C in a shaking water bath, pO2 decreased from approximately 400 to 80 mm Hg. If RPT were present in the KHB, pO2 was even lower, i.e., approximately 50 mm Hg. Addition of increasing concentrations of Oxyrase (300 to 1,500 mU) to KHB alone, that is, without RPT, reduced pO2 from 80 mm Hg to less than 5 mm Hg; increasing the gas rate from 1.5 to 3.0 liter/min of 95% N2-5% CO2, the concentration of Oxyrase to 1,800 mU, and adding RPT reduced pO2 to zero. In this latter condition, pO2 remained unmeasurable during the 20 min of study and neither pH nor pCO2 changed compared with control values. Oxyrase (1,800 mU) had no effect on lactate dehydrogenase release, a sign of membrane injury, in normoxic RPT in KHB. We conclude that anoxia can easily be achieved by the addition of Oxyrase to KHB in which RPT are suspended, if the appropriate concentration of Oxyrase is added and if the RPT are gassed with 95% N2-5% CO2. This concentration of Oxyrase exerts no detrimental effects on RPT gassed with 95% O2-5% CO2.
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PMID:A novel method of inducing and assuring total anoxia during in vitro studies of O2 deprivation injury. 213 35

Polyethyleneterephthalate (PET) was tested as a source of mutagen contamination from bottles used for beverage packaging. PET bottles were filled with mineral water and stored in daylight and in the dark for different periods of time. The water samples were concentrated and the concentrates (non-volatile compounds) tested for mutagenicity with the Ames test (static tests). Total organic carbon (TOC) leaching was determined concurrently. Leaching of mutagens was also studied using dynamic tests; shaking distilled water in PET bottles. New methods were also used to test the leaching potential of both volatile and non-volatile compounds: directly testing the mutagenicity in unconcentrated water stored in PET bottles and growing Salmonella strains directly in the plastic bottles. The results were positive only for the static test, which identified leaching of mutagens after 1 month of storage in PET bottles. This activity was higher after storage in daylight.
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PMID:Leaching of mutagens into mineral water from polyethyleneterephthalate bottles. 213 46

As a possible preventive measure for brain dysfunction in Menkes disease, prenatal treatment by maternal administration of zinc, vitamin E and copper was examined in brindled mutant mice. During pregnancy and lactation, female heterozygous mice received 20 ppm zinc or 0.004% alpha-tocopherol acetate (vitamin E) throughout and 6 ppm copper from gestational day 13 in the drinking fluid, ad libitum. The maternal administration of zinc and vitamin E, as antioxidants, or copper resulted in decreased fetal and neonatal death of offspring, especially those of hemizygous males, as compared with the administration of water only. When offspring did not grow, maternal abnormal movements, which comprised rotatory movements of high speed with tremor and ataxia, were frequently observed. In the heterozygotes with abnormal movements, the level of lipid peroxidation in cerebrum and the concentration of copper in kidney were much higher than those in the heterozygotes with normal movement. Morphologically, in cerebellum of the heterozygotes with abnormal movements, the loss of Purkinje cells, abundance of lipofuscin granules and abnormal mitochondria or degenerative bodies of high electron density were frequently observed, as compared with heterozygotes with normal movement. These findings suggest that the development of hemizygous male mice may be influenced by both copper and oxygen radical metabolism.
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PMID:Abnormal movements in brindled mutant mouse heterozygotes: as related to the development of their offspring--biochemical and morphological studies. 216 11

Bacteriostatic and bactericidal activities of rifampicin, ethambutol, enviomycin and streptomycin on Mycobacterium avium-Mycobacterium intracellulare complex (MAI complex) strains were determined. The susceptibility testings were made in Ogawa egg medium, and minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined as the lowest concentration of drugs, in which the growth of 20 to 100 colony-forming units was completely inhibited. The MICs correspond to the MICs that can inhibit the growth of 95 to 99% of bacterial population. Bactericidal activity was determined in a modified Dubos liquid medium (1.3 g of Dubos TB Broth Base were dissolved in 180 ml of distilled water and this solution was supplemented by 20 ml of bovine serum). A one ml-sample of bacterial suspensions (10 mg wet weight per ml) was added to 9 ml of the Dubos liquid medium, and the medium was incubated at 37 degrees C for 0, 1, 3 and 7 days under shaking condition (56 strokes per minute; 8 cm amplitude). The bactericidal activity was measured as the number of colony-forming units contained in a 0.02 ml-sample of the medium. The bactericidal activities of rifampicin and ethambutol were weak or absent even in strains 13008 and 13016, which were very susceptible to all four drugs. However, the bactericidal activities of streptomycin and enviomycin could be observed in these strains.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Bactericidal activities of rifampicin, ethambutol, enviomycin and streptomycin on Mycobacterium avium-Mycobacterium intracellulare complex strains]. 221 13

The hypothesis that placental secretion of progesterone (P4) and ovine placental lactogen (oPL) are controlled through different mechanisms was tested. Placental tissue was obtained at days 133-138 of pregnancy, and explant incubations were established using 200 mg tissue per flask in 5 ml O2-saturated DMEM containing 24 mM HEPES and lacking phenol red (pH 7.4). Following a 30-min preincubation, and a 15-min control period, test substances were added and incubations continued, with periodic gassing, for 4 h at 37 degrees C in a shaking water bath. Dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine significantly stimulated P4 production (P less than 0.05). The enhancement of placental P4 production was mimicked by the addition of 8-bromo-cyclic adenosine monophosphate and forskolin (P less than 0.05). The response to catecholamines was abolished by the addition of propranolol (P less than 0.05) but not by phentolamine (P greater than 0.05). Inclusion of a membrane-permeant substrate for P4 synthesis, 25-hydroxycholesterol, increased basal (P less than 0.05) but did not enhance agonist-induced P4 production (P greater than 0.05). High performance liquid chromatographic analysis of placental tissue demonstrated the presence of DA (80.8 +/- 7.07 pg/mg) and NE (48.8 +/- 5.77 pg/mg), as well as catecholamine metabolites. Addition of 1,2-dioctanoyl-sn-glycerol (DAG) or phorbol 12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) enhanced oPL secretion (P less than 0.05) without affecting P4 production. The response to DAG and PMA, representing the release of considerably more oPL than can be detected by extracting the tissue, was not influenced by treatment with cycloheximide (P greater than 0.05) indicating that secretion of preformed oPL is regulated by the protein kinase C pathway. These results support the hypothesis that the secretion of oPL and the production of P4 are controlled by different mechanisms.
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PMID:Differential control of placental lactogen release and progesterone production by ovine placental tissue in vitro. 223 15

Cholesterol, when sequestered in saturated liposomes of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) or dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), undergoes peroxidation thermally initiated either by a lipid-soluble or a water-soluble azo initiator and in both cases the reaction is inhibited effectively by the water-soluble antioxidant, 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylate (Trolox). Quantitative kinetic methods of autoxidation show that the oxidizability, kp/(2kt)1/2 (where kp and 2kt are the rate constants of radical chain propagation and termination, respectively) of cholesterol in DMPC or DPPC multilamellar liposomes, where kp/(2kt)1/2 is 3.0.10(-3) to 4.3.10(-3) M-1/2 s-1/2 at 37-45 degrees C, is similar to that measured in homogeneous solution in chlorobenzene, where kp/(2kt)1/2 is 3.32.10(-3). However, its oxidizability in smaller unilamellar vesicles of DMPC or DPPC increases by at least 3-times that measured in multilamellar systems. Autoxidation/antioxidant methods show that cholesterol partitions directly from the solid state into DMPC or DPPC liposomes by shaking and this is confirmed by 31P and 2H quadrupole NMR spectra of deuterated cholesterol when membrane bound. Analytical studies indicate that up to 21 mol% cholesterol will partition into the membranes by shaking.
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PMID:Cholesterol: free radical peroxidation and transfer into phospholipid membranes. 225 12

As has been summarized above, the risk of casual contact transmission of HIV virus is remote. A review of these data should provide reassurance to both workers and management. No evidence exists for direct contact spread through shaking hands and nonsexual touching. There is also no evidence for indirect spread through contact with shared inanimate objects such as typewriters, telephones, computers, water fountains, rest rooms, dining facilities, exercise equipment, bathing facilities, spas, saunas, and swimming pools. In addition, there is no evidence to suggest the airborne spread of HIV, thus there should be no potential risk of transmission through air-conditioning units, air-handling systems, or by sharing the same office space with an infected individual. The fear of AIDS may lead to irrational beliefs and biased perceptions of risk. This, unfortunately, can sometimes lead to discriminatory and inhumane treatment of persons with AIDS. The best way to manage this potential problem in the workplace is through effective educational interventions.
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PMID:HIV infection risk to nonhealth-care workers. 227 Aug 27


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