Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0040822 (tremor)
 18,428 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In studies of the effect on nociception of chronic administration of antidepressants, the stress of the injections may influence the results. In this experiment, desipramine or zimelidine were administered in the drinking water of rats, in a concentration yielding a dose of approximately 8 mg/kg/24 hr. Desipramine, given both for a short time (24 hr) and chronically (14 days), induced antinociception in the increasing temperature hot-plate test; zimelidine did not significantly influence the results of this test. In the tail-flick test, neither short-term nor chronic administration of these antidepressants had any effect on nociception, when correction was made for the changes in the temperature of the tail skin. In the formalin test, nine behavioural categories were scored for 1 hr and the data were treated statistically, using a multivariate analysis. Chronic administration of desipramine increased nociceptive behaviour during the first 10 min of the test. Desipramine and, to a lesser extent, zimelidine, changed the response in the late phase (10-60 min), showing less focussed pain-related behaviour (jerks and shaking, licking and biting of the injected paw) and more non-focussed pain-related behaviour (activity states with elevation or protection of the injected paw). It was concluded that desipramine is antinociceptive in the increasing temperature hot-plate test. Desipramine and zimelidine, administered chronically, modify the late phase of the formalin test towards less focussed pain-related behaviour, suggesting an antinociceptive effect. Multivariate analysis of the data of the formalin test seemed to be of value for the interpretation of the data.
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PMID:Chronic administration of desipramine and zimelidine changes the behavioural response in the formalin test in rats. 183 Sep 37

Administration of 5% formalin into the rat or guinea pig hind paw evokes two spontaneous responses: flinching/shaking and licking/biting of the injected paw. The temporal and behavioral characteristics of these objective endpoints are described. Additionally, several practical suggestions aimed at standardizing this test for the evaluation of analgesics are presented. The early/acute and late/tonic (0-10 and 20-35 min post-formalin, respectively) phases of flinching were used to quantitate antinociception in the rat. PD 117302, the kappa selective agonist, was three times more potent than morphine against tonic flinching after SC administration. Formalin may therefore be a noxious stimulus of choice in the evaluation of kappa agonists. Morphine was only twice as potent against tonic flinching as against acute flinching or the tail-dip reflex to water (50 degrees C). In contrast, PD 117302 was 27 times less potent on early phase and was inactive in the tail-dip test. Thus, while morphine is essentially equipotent across tests, PD 117302 shows a spectrum of activity with impressive potency and efficacy being obtained against tonic pain. Kappa receptors may therefore be prominently involved in tonic pain states. Aspirin given orally was not consistently antinociceptive in either phase of the formalin test. Spinal transection completely abolished late phase responding but only partly attenuated flinching in the early phase. This suggests that the relative involvement of spinal (as opposed to supraspinal) processing of noxious inputs may, at least in part, be a function of stimulus intensity and underlie the differences in antinociceptive potency observed in this work.
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PMID:Standardization of the rat paw formalin test for the evaluation of analgesics. 188 2

Two similar trials were conducted to evaluate the accuracy of the whole carcass rinse technique in combination with a most probable number (MPN) procedure for estimating the number of salmonellae on postchill broilers. Birds were reared in litter-floored pens and inoculated with Salmonella typhimurium (10(8) cfu/mL) on Days 2, 7, and 14. In each of the two trials six carcasses were consecutively rinsed four times. Each carcass was rinsed with 100 mL of sterile water in sterile plastic bags using an automated shaking device. Salmonellae were enumerated using a three-tube MPN procedure in selenite cystine broth. There were no statistical differences in log10 MPN salmonellae per milliliter of recovered rinse fluid due to trial or consecutive rinse. In several cases salmonellae were not recovered in the initial rinse but were recovered from consecutive rinses of the same carcass. A large amount of variation in MPN levels of salmonellae among individual carcasses occurred within each consecutive rinse. The data suggested that only a percentage of the total salmonellae present on a postchill carcass were recovered with each consecutive rinse, and the organisms were firmly attached prior to processing.
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PMID:Research note: use of consecutive carcass rinses and a most probable number procedure to estimate salmonellae contamination of inoculated broilers. 188 52

Adult sows fed a constant amount of a basal diet received purified cellulose either orally at levels of 0 and 475 g/animal.d (Experiment 1) or intracecally at levels of 0, 285, 570 and 855 g/animal.d (Experiment 2). Each experiment consisted of subsequent periods of faeces and urine collection with the animals re-allocated to the treatments each time. With that, a total of 36 observations on each parameter was achieved. The faecal samples were analyzed for the contents of organic matter, cell wall carbohydrates and various nitrogen fractions such as bacterial N and undigested dietary N. Furthermore, N balance, urinary allantoin excretion and plasma urea concentrations were determined. In a preliminary study, the effects of freeze-drying and of shaking of the faecal samples as suspensions with water (in order to release bacteria from fibre) on content and composition of faecal nitrogen had turned out to be reproducible. Cellulose significantly enhanced faecal nitrogen loss whereas N retention was not affected due to the counteraction of urinary N loss. Plasma urea concentration reflected the situation with urinary N. The proportion of undigested dietary N and of water-soluble protein in total faecal N was somewhat increased by cellulose at cost of the bacterial N proportion which accounted for about 72% of total N on average. Urinary allantoin did not respond to the higher bacterial activity in the hindgut in the presence of supplementary cellulose. Cellulose significantly decreased the apparent N digestibility by on average about 3 percentage units per 100 g of supplementary cellulose. True N digestibility was also reduced by cellulose but did not go below 95%. The supplementary cellulose was fermented in the hindgut at similar rates of on average about 60% regardless of the route of administration. The almost 100 g of native cellulose incorporated in the basal diets were lignified by about 20%, and that is why they were fermented at a rate of only about 30%. The rate of fermentation was only slightly decreasing with increasing amounts of supplementary cellulose, and a daily quantity of 564 g (11 g/W0.75) cellulose was fermented on average if the highest level of cellulose was provided. This was within a range exclusively reported for easily-fermentable carbohydrates but was achieved in the case of cellulose only at a consistently higher level of supply. The true efficiency of bacterial protein synthesis was 5.2 g bacterial protein/100 g supplementary cellulose on average. The apparent efficiency was 60% higher averaging 8.4 g bacterial protein/100 g further apparently fermented organic matter.
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PMID:Cellulose fermentation capacity of the hindgut and nitrogen turnover in the hindgut of sows as evaluated by oral and intracecal supply of purified cellulose. 188 70

The radiometric method has been used for detection of coliform bacteria in water. The method is based on measuring the released metabolic 14CO2 from 14C-lactose in growth media containing coliform organisms incubated at 37 degrees C under continuous shaking. This rapid and sensitive radiometric method permits the detection of even single coliform organisms within 6 hours of incubation. Using this automated method, a total of 102 samples (in duplicate) collected from different areas in and around Rawalpindi and Islamabad were assessed for coliform bacteria. Of these 102 samples, 50 were tap water samples, 40 from wells and 6 each were from Rawal and Simly dams. About 47% and 67% tap water samples, while 62% and 74% well water samples were found unsatisfactory from around Islamabad and Rawalpindi areas, respectively. About 83% and 66% water samples from Rawal dam and Simly dam respectively were found to be unsatisfactory.
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PMID:Detection of coliform organisms in drinking water by radiometric method. 192 Jul 60

The concentration of dissolved insecticides in aqueous media was determined by chromatographic separation on polyurethane foam columns. The results of preliminary screening tests on the removal of insecticides by the unloaded polyurethane foam indicated that a reasonable percentage of the insecticides was retained on the foam. Therefore attempts were made to extract these compounds from aqueous media using foam columns. Various parameters affecting the retention and separation of these compounds were studied, including temperature, flow-rate, pH, insecticide concentration, shaking time, sample volume and eluting solvent. The complete separation and quantitative recovery of these compounds from the foam with acetone in a Soxhlet extractor were achieved. The method can be used to preconcentrate insecticides in tap water and modified to determine dissolved insecticides in industrial and natural waters. Polyurethane foam has a good capacity for use when large volume samples need to be handled and is an inexpensive sorbent compared to other known solid sorbents.
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PMID:Removal of organic pollutants from aqueous solution. V. Comparative study of the extraction, recovery and chromatographic separation of some organic insecticides using unloaded polyurethane foam columns. 193 39

Ethanol ingestion markedly reduces tremor in patients with essential tremor. This clinical observation prompted the present experiments, which were designed to investigate ethanol's reduction of tremor in squirrel monkeys trained to execute a bar-holding task. A lever was attached to the hub of a rotary variable differential transformer (RVDT) and three squirrel monkeys were trained to position this lever within a 4.5 cm band for 8 seconds for a fruit juice reward. Behavior was maintained by a random ratio 2 schedule of reinforcement. Angular position of the lever was sampled for 5.12 seconds while the monkey held the bar, differentiated twice and analyzed to obtain a spectral description of tremor in units of acceleration 2/Hz. During control and vehicle sessions a spectral peak appeared at about 6-8 Hz and the magnitude of this peak varied from 25 to 150 milli-g2/Hz (where g is the acceleration due to gravity). A second peak appeared in two animals at greater than 15 Hz. For one animal this high-frequency peak was dominant during control sessions but the 6-8 Hz peak was dominant after intubation with water or ethanol. Ethanol produced consistent and dose-related decreases in the amplitude of the spectrum describing tremor but the location of the spectral peaks did not differ from vehicle sessions. The doses that altered tremor also produced an increase in the number of short-duration holds as well as other, less consistent, alterations in the form of the response. These data confirm and quantify ethanol's potency as a tremorolytic agent.
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PMID:Ethanol's effects on tremor and positioning in squirrel monkeys. 194 6

Granulosa cells were recovered from small (1-3 mm in diameter) and large (greater than 6 mm in diameter) preovulatory follicles or from follicles of early pregnant pigs (3-5 mm, Day 18). Incubation of these cells (5 x 10(5)) was carried out in a shaking water bath (40 degrees C) for 2 h with or without salbutamol (10(-5) M), isoprenaline (10(-5) M), propranolol (10(-5) M) and FSH (100 ng/ml). Isoprenaline significantly increased progesterone production (P less than 0.05) by granulosa cells of small follicles and large preovulatory follicles but not by granulosa cells of follicles from early pregnant pigs. After blocking the beta-adrenoceptor with propranolol the stimulatory effect of catecholamines was not observed. FSH alone stimulated progesterone production, particularly in granulosa cells of early pregnant pigs (P less than 0.05) but FSH plus catecholamine treatment did not have any effect on progesterone release. These results suggest that catecholamines may play a regulatory role in follicle maturation and this may differ between naturally cyclic and early pregnant animals.
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PMID:Effect of catecholamines and FSH on progesterone secretion by pig granulosa cells. 196 17

The ability of normal and Crohn's disease neutrophils to kill Candida albicans has been studied using neutrophils isolated from peripheral blood and suspended in phosphate buffered saline at 5 x 10(6) cells per ml. C albicans was grown to a stationary phase in broth culture and suspended in phosphate buffered saline at 10(7) organisms/ml. Neutrophils and Candida were then incubated together at 37 degrees C in a shaking water bath in the presence of fresh serum. At 30 and 60 minutes samples were withdrawn, neutrophils lysed, and Candida survival assessed by colony counting. Results were compared with control suspensions of Candida incubated with serum alone. After 30 and 60 minutes in the presence of autologous serum normal neutrophils had killed significantly more Candida than Crohn's disease neutrophils (mean (SD) 61.0 (16.7)% v 40.5 (16.2)% at 30 minutes, p less than 0.0001; 83.2 (7)% v 70.8) 16)% at 60 minutes, p less than 0.005). The results did not alter significantly when normal neutrophils were incubated with Candida in the presence of Crohn's disease serum instead of normal serum. When Crohn's disease neutrophils were incubated with Candida in the presence of normal serum instead of autologous serum there was some improvement in candidacidal ability at 30 minutes (48.9 (20.6)% v 40.5 (16.2)%, p less than 0.03) but not at 60 minutes. Phagocytosis, measured using a radiometric assay, was normal. Neutrophils from patients with Crohn's disease have an impaired ability to kill this granuloma provoking organism. It is not due to serum inhibitors or defective phagocytosis.
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PMID:Candidacidal activity of Crohn's disease neutrophils. 199 39

To investigate possible risk factors in Parkinson's disease, we conducted a case-controlled study of 19 families having two or more siblings with Parkinson's disease. Demographic data were collected, including lifetime histories of places of residence; sources of drinking water; occupations, such as farming; and exposure to herbicides and pesticides. Rural living and drinking well water, but not farming and herbicide exposure, were significantly increased in 38 parkinsonians compared with 38 normal control subjects. A comparison of parkinsonian siblings with siblings with essential tremor revealed no differences in any risk factors for the years of shared environment. These data suggest that living in a rural environment and drinking well water are risk factors for Parkinson's disease and that the total life exposure to an environmental toxin may be more important than exposure in early life.
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PMID:Environmental risk factors in siblings with Parkinson's disease. 200 Nov 87


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