Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0040822 (tremor)
 18,428 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The specie Penicillium verrucosum var cyclopium (Westling) has showed that Media containing peptones, especially, trypticase, as a source of nitrogen and maltose or glucose as a source of carbon are most efficient for a good stimulation of the lipolytic activity. Salt, especially Mg++ ion and some oligo- elements exhibit a marked effect on enzyme production. On the other hand, addition of lipids to the growth medium inhibited the lipase production. Shaking of the medium decreases the amount of lipase production but allows an early growth of P. verrucosum var cyclopium (Westling).
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PMID:[Study of the lipolytic system of Penicillium verrucosum var cyclopium (Westling). II. Conditions for the production of the lipase system]. 409 19

By a combination of luciferase and fluorescence methods adenine nucleotide pools in Neurospora crassa have been examined under various conditions of growth and metabolic inhibition. During sustained exponential growth (25 C, shaking liquid cultures), the intracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) concentration, [ATP](i), rises slowly from the conidial level near 1 mM (1 mmol/kg of cell water) to a maximum of 2.0 to 2.5 mM at 14 h, after which it slowly declines. The adenosine 5'-diphosphate and adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP) curves show two peaks, at 8 and 20 h, with a minimum at 16 h. The "energy charge" function varies around a mean of 0.72 throughout the period of exponential growth. Transferral of growing cells to buffer lacking a nitrogen source stabilizes the [ATP](i) near 2.5 mM, apparently independent of the cell age, and most studies of metabolic inhibitors were carried out on cells grown 14 to 16 h and then shifted to N-free buffer. Under these conditions sudden respiratory blockade (cyanide) produces exponential decay of ATP with a time constant of about 5.7 s (half-time of 3.9 s), and at a rate which implies a minimal ATP turnover of 0.44 mM/min. This figure is about one-third the rate (1.17 mM/min) which would be calculated from steady-state respiration, a discrepancy which may partly be accounted for by transphosphorylation from appreciable amounts of non-adenine nucleoside di- and triphosphates present in Neurospora. For all three adenine nucleotides, the transients associated with sudden respiratory blockade include overshoots or undershoots of several minutes duration, which are consistent with feedback regulation of glycolysis by the AMP/ATP ratio.
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PMID:Adenine nucleotide levels in Neurospora, as influenced by conditions of growth and by metabolic inhibitors. 426 34

Stagnant culture methods have permitted only limited physiological studies of the production of H and M antigens by Histoplasma capsulatum because, with such methods, antigen production is uncontrolled. In this investigation, a shake culture method was used to convert yeast-phase inoculum to mycelialphase growth at 25 C. Results strongly suggest that the release of H and M antigens relates to autolysis of the cells. Among the factors influencing production of H and M antigens under shaking conditions, choice of strain was the most important. Alterations of carbon or nitrogen source or variations in amino acid to carbohydrate ratios had limited influence on antigen production. With a strain that produced both H and M antigens, however, proportions of titers of M to H antigens could be made to vary considerably by changes in the medium, the pH, and the temperature. Results suggest that the source of M antigen during autolysis is enzymatic dissolution of the cell wall. The source of H antigen is more obscure. Production of both antigens may be differentially controlled under conditions of good reproducibility by a correct choice of strain and manipulation of culture medium.
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PMID:Factors influencing the production of H and M antigens by Histoplasma capsulatum: effect of physical factors and composition of medium. 462 22

Dementia, a syndrome of acquired intellectual deterioration, is an etiologically nonspecific condition that can be permanent or reversible. When evaluating demented patients, a careful exposure history will determine the possible role of drugs, metals, or toxins. Physical examination may reveal focal deficits in cases of intracranial mass lesions and spasticity or ataxia of the lower limbs if hydrocephalus is present. Coexistence of dementia and a peripheral neuropathy usually indicates the existence of a toxic or metabolic disorder. Depressed mood, sleep disturbance, anorexia, impotence, constipation, and psychomotor retardation indicate the presence of a depressive syndrome. Asterixis, myoclonus, and postural tremor are common in toxic-metabolic dementias, whereas resting tremor, choreoathetosis, or rigidity occur in progressive extrapyramidal disorder. EEG is focally abnormal in cases of cerebral mass lesions and shows generalized slowing in toxic-metabolic encephalopathies. CT will aid in the identification of hydrocephalus, subdural hematomas, and intracranial mass lesions. A thorough laboratory evaluation including complete blood count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, electrolytes, blood urea nitrogen and blood sugar, liver and thyroid function tests, serum calcium and phosphorus levels, B12 and folate levels, serum copper and ceruloplasmin, VDRL, chest X-ray, electrocardiogram, and lumbar puncture may demonstrate treatable disorders that are adversely affecting intellectual function. Elderly individuals are particularly susceptible to the effects of toxic or metabolic disorders, and a mild dementia may be exaggerated by relatively minor fluctuations in metabolic status. Treatable causes of dementia should be sought in all demented patients.
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PMID:Treatable dementias. 635 58

The biodegradation and utilization of the antiphytoviral substance 2,4-dioxohexahydro-1,3,5-triazine (DHT) by soil microorganisms was investigated. Mixed cultures of microorganisms deriving from different soils diminish in nutrient broth the content of DHT with increasing duration of culture. Microorganisms from an Egyptian garden soil fully degrade 10(-3) mol/1 DHT in a culture without additional aeration within 28 days. Also in deficient media the mixed microorganisms reduce the amount of DHT, reaching in nitrogen free nutrient solution even a degradation rate up to 12 mg DHT per liter and day. Pure cultures of Rhizobium leguminosarum, Proteus vulgaris, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and especially Agrobacterium radiobacter diminish the content of DHT in nitrogen free media, too. No such effect was detectable in cultures of four other species of soil bacteria. The DHT degradation by the microorganisms is connected with significant cell multiplication, e.g. A. radiobacter in shaking cultures with DHT as sole source of nitrogen shows a typical growth cycle with a lag-phase of 24 hours. The short persistence time of DHT in soils is concluded to be mainly due to biodegradation by microorganisms.
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PMID:[Degradation and utilization of 2,4-dioxohexahydro-1,3,5-triazine (DHT) by soil microorganisms]. 638 90

Several techniques were evaluated for extracting triphenyl phosphate (TPP), 14C-labeled TPP, cresyl diphenyl phosphate, and tricresyl phosphate isomers (o-TCP, m-TCP, and p-TCP) from fish and sediment samples. Extracts of fish samples were cleaned up by gel permeation chromatography/alumina column chromatography; sediment extracts received alumina treatment only. Compounds were determined by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) with nitrogen-phosphorus detection. Methanol/Polytron and hexane/ball mill extraction of fish samples fortified at 0.01, 0.1, and 1.0 microgram/g levels gave overall recoveries of the 5 compounds of 89 and 97%, respectively. Methanol recovered more radioactivity (97%) from fish exposed to 14C-TPP in aquaria for 24 h than did hexane from fish exposed for 16 h (79%). Refluxing fortified sediment (0.05 and 0.5 microgram/g) with methanol-water (9 + 1) gave significantly higher recoveries (88%) of the 5 triaryl phosphates than did dichloromethane-methanol (1 + 1) reflux or acetone-hexane (1 + 1) Soxhlet extraction. Recoveries of TPP and o-, m- and p-TCP from fortified river water (0.5, 5.0, and 50 microgram/L) by shaking with dichloromethane ranged from 91 to 118%. Some problems were encountered with interfering GLC peaks at low (microgram/g) levels in fish and sediment extracts despite the use of nitrogen-phosphorus specific detectors.
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PMID:Extraction and cleanup of fish, sediment, and water for determination of triaryl phosphates by gas-liquid chromatography. 720 13

A rapid, sensitive method has been developed to study the kinetics of unchanged promethazine (PM) in biological material using a nitrogen-selective flame ionization detector (N-FID). Unchanged PM is distinguished from its desmethyl metabolite. Sample clean-up of several biological fluids (rat plasma, blood, urine, liver and kidney homogenates) was studied and gas chromatographic (GC) conditions optimized. Usually 50 microliters-1.0 ml samples are extracted into n-heptane by shaking with NaOH, re-extracted into H2SO4 and again extracted into n-heptane by addition of NaOH. Finally, the organic phase is separated, concentrated under N2 and PM determined by N-FID. However, a rapid, single-step method requiring only NaOH extraction into n-heptane may be used whenever GC background permits. Imipramine is used as an internal standard for calibration by peak height ratios in the overall range 5--1500 ng PM per sample. Recovery of both methods is high (97--99%) but precision of the single-step method is lower (relative S.D. 10% versus 3--4%). Use of sample volumes up to 1 ml allows accurate determination of concentrations as low as 10 ng/g. Examples of applications to commonly used animal models employing PM are given and simple adaptation for clinical samples suggested.
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PMID:Rapid, sensitive determination of unchanged promethazine in biological material using a nitrogen-selective flame ionization detector. Identification of metabolites by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. 739 Dec

A method for the determining the amount of carbon monoxide (CO) in blood is described. CO bound to hemoglobin is released with potassium ferricyanide into a known volume of head space of a disposable syringe. Vapor in the head space is withdrawn with a gastight microcyringe and injected into the gas chromatograph. CO dissolved in saturated blood is also measured by head space analysis to ascertain that dissolved CO is able to be removed with only one shaking of blood with nitrogen (N2). N2 put into the head space previously is used as internal standard. The advantages of this method lie in the ease and speed of operation with a simple and widely available instrument.
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PMID:Determination of carbon monoxide in blood by head space analysis. 743 39

A series of novel 2,8-dialkyl-1-oxa-2,8-diazaspiro[4.5]decan-3-ones and 2,8-dimethyl-1,2,8-triazaspiro[4.5]-decan-3-one (13), related to M1 muscarinic agonists YM796 and RS86, were synthesized by using Michael addition reaction of hydroxyurea or methylhydrazine to alpha, beta-unsaturated esters followed by cyclization reaction. These compounds were assessed for binding affinities for M1 and M2 receptors and in vivo muscarinic activity: namely, amelioration of scopolamine-induced impairment in rat passive avoidance tasks and induction of hypothermia, tremor, and salivation. 2,8-Dimethyl-1-oxa-2,8-diazaspiro[4.5]decan-3-one (6a) exhibited high affinities for both M1 and M2 receptors, showed antiamnesic activity (0.1 mg/kg, s.c.) and induced hypothermia (3 mg/kg, s.c.). In addition, 6a stimulated phosphoinositide hydrolysis in rat hippocampal slices, indicating partial agonistic activity for M1 muscarinic receptors. The alteration of the methyl group at N2 of 6a increased the selectivity in binding affinities for M1 over M2 receptors, but resulted in loss of M1 agonistic activity or antiamnesic activity. Compound 13 exhibited only low affinity for M1 receptors, suggesting that a basic nitrogen atom is not tolerated in M1 receptor binding as a substitute for an oxygen atom or a carbonyl group at the 1-position of 6a or RS86. None of these derivatives exhibited high selectivity for antiamnesic effect over induction of hypothermia compared to YM796.
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PMID:Synthesis and structure-activity studies of a series of 1-oxa-2,8-diazaspiro[4.5]decan-3-ones and related compounds as M1 muscarinic agonists. 758 76

The genotype of the recombinant yeast strain Y33::YFD71-3 used in this study is alpha, his, leu, ade and suc. Preliminary batch cultures in shaking flasks showed the expression level of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) was 1-2 mg/L. Shaking flask cultures were carried out in YG medium which contained glucose, yeast nitrogen base (YNB), and different amounts of adenine, histidine and leucine. When the growth was limited by adenine, protein secreted from Y33::YFD71-3 cells was increased obviously. Adenine became the limiting substrate when the YG medium was supplemented with 5 g/L of casamino acid (CAA) and the level of ANP expression was influenced by the concentrations of adenine, YNB and leucine in the medium. In fed batch cultures carried out in a RIBE-5 fermenter, the cultures were fed with glucose and a mixture of YNB, CAA, adenine, histidine and leucine to improve cell growth and ANP expression, and the maximum ANP concentration in the culture reached 24.8 mg/L.
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PMID:Human alpha atrial natriuretic peptide fermentation by using a genetically engineered yeast strain. 778 22


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