Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0040822 (tremor)
 18,428 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Electromyographic (EMG) recordings of the 6th to 7th intercostal space (thoracic EMG) and abdominal muscles, ventilatory pattern, and the work of breathing were studied in 4 human subjects exposed for 12 days to 46 ATA of helium-oxygen (density = 8.7 g.liter-1) then of nitrogen-helium-oxygen gas mixture (ternary mixture) (density = 11.1 g.liter-1). We found that the respiratory muscle work necessary for eupneic ventilation was multiplied by 4 at 46 ATA. During quiet breathing as well as during forced inspiratory maneuvers, the power spectrum of thoracic EMG shifted to the left in three individuals during the sojourn at maximal pressure, whichever gas mixture was inhaled. This was corroborated by the decreased ratio of EMG power in a high to that in a low band of frequencies. These alterations disappeared at the end of the decompression period, suggesting the existence of inspiratory muscle fatigue at high pressure. Hyperbaric tremor was recorded on the thoracic EMG and was maximal with He-O2 inhalation. It disappeared at the end of the period at 46 ATA (He-N2-O2).
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PMID:Electromyographic study of respiratory muscles during human diving at 46 ATA. 232 17

The yeast-mycelium dimorphism of the genus Benjaminiella poitrasii has been investigated. To understand the mechanism of dimorphism two stable yeast-phase mutants (Y-1 & Y-2) and one slow growing mycelial mutant (M-1) of B. poitrasii were isolated after NTG treatment of parent strain spores and studied for their biochemical characteristics. Effects of (i) kind and concentration of carbon source, (ii) presence of complex organic nitrogen and (iii) C:N ratio in the growth medium on the morphology of parent and mutant strains were carried out at 28 degrees C under shaking conditions. Ethanol induced morphological change and its reversal were studied in all the strains in order to elucidate the possible mechanism of morphogenesis.
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PMID:Dimorphism of Benjaminiella poitrasii: isolation and biochemical studies of morphological mutants. 237 10

Tremorgenic mycotoxins are fungal secondary metabolites with a specific effect on the central nervous system (CNS). Except for a few toxins that are produced by Claviceps paspali, a plant parasitic fungus, most tremorgenic mycotoxins are synthesized by common saprophytic moulds of the genera Penicillium and Aspergillus. Since these compounds produce sustained tremor in the abscence of other neurotoxic effects, several authors have suggested that they are the causative agents of a number of naturally occurring incoordination syndromes in ruminants. The nature of the tremor produced by these compounds in laboratory animals is clinically indistinguishable from that occurring naturally. In particular, the most implicated tremorgenic mycotoxins are those that contain a single nitrogen atom in their molecules. Although individual compounds within this group are produced by unrelated fungal species, they all contain a similar biologically active chemical moiety. To date, their mechanism of action is unknown, and their role in neuropharmacology has not yet been defined. However, the presence of a GABA-like conformation within their active nucleus and the limited torsional flexibility of this moiety suggest that they are partial agonists of GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid). A hypothetical mode of action of these toxins at the GABA receptor sites is presented and discussed.
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PMID:Fungal tremorgens: the mechanism of action of single nitrogen containing toxins--a hypothesis. 269 1

Activity of Na, K-ATPase in homogenates of fresh cerebral cortex of rats was compared with that of cortex frozen under different conditions. Activity yields after rapid in situ freezing of the exposed cerebral cortex were twice, higher (26.1 U) than in homogenates of the fresh cortex (13.3 U). Fresh brain kept on ice for 60 and 300 s and subsequently frozen in liquid nitrogen yielded activities comparable to those of the tissue frozen in situ (24.1 U and 24.9 U for 60 s and 300 s periods, respectively). Inhibition of Na, K-ATPase by 10(-7) M vanadate was significantly stronger (38%) in homogenates of the fresh brain then in those of the cortex frozen in situ (28%). High Na, K-ATPase activity (47.6 U) in suspensions of synaptosomal membranes (SM) prepared from fresh cortical homogenates was only slightly inhibited by 10(-7) M vanadate (12%). Various treatments of homogenates or SM suspensions, like increase of piston rotation speed, repeated freezing and thawing procedure or vigorous shaking did not significantly affect the enzyme activity. Mg-ATPase activity and its sensitivity to vanadate was also modified by tissue treatment but the effect was much less pronounced.
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PMID:What is the correct value for Na, K-ATPase activity in homogenates of cerebral cortex? 300 11

Production of aflatoxins M1 (AFM) and B1 (AFB) by Aspergillus flavus NRRL 3251 in solid-state and shaking liquid cultures using rice as the carbon source was compared. In general, solid-state cultures produced more aflatoxins than shaking liquid cultures on an equal rice weight basis. Solid-state cultures with continuous shaking yielded higher levels of toxins than those with intermittent shaking. However, intermittent shaking is a feasible replacement for the continuous shaking method for AFM production. A typical solid rice culture supplemented with yeast extract produced 30 and 2600 mg per kg rice of AFM and AFB, respectively, in 8 days at 29 degrees C. The optimal culture conditions for toxin production in a shaking liquid culture were also studied. Parameters under consideration included the amount of carbon (rice) and nitrogen source, initial medium pH, and aeration rate. At optimum conditions, a representative shaking liquid culture produced 18 and 1680 mg per kg rice of AFM and AFB, respectively, in 5 days at 29 degrees C. This shaking liquid culture appears feasible for scaling up and routine production of AFM and AFB for toxicological investigations.
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PMID:Comparative study of aflatoxins M1 and B1 production in solid-state and shaking liquid cultures. 313 82

Ciprofloxacin is a new quinolone antimicrobial agent with activity against a broad spectrum of gram-negative and gram-positive organisms, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa and methicillin-resistant strains of staphylococci. The efficacy and safety results of 80 clinical studies of the oral form of ciprofloxacin are reported. Drug safety was assessed in 2236 courses in 2203 adult patients treated primarily in the United States. Data from 1676 courses were suitable for analysis of drug efficacy. The unit dose for most patients ranged from 250 mg to 750 mg (median, 500 mg), usually given every 12 hours. The duration of treatment ranged from 3 to 231 days (median, 10 days). Predominant among 1722 infections were those of the urinary tract (43%), skin structures (29%), and respiratory tract (19%); the remainder were bone and joint infections (5%), bacteremias (2%), and intra-abdominal (1%), gastrointestinal (1%), and pelvic infections (less than 1%). Signs and symptoms of infection resolved in 79% of all cases; a further 15% improved, and 5% failed to improve. Pathogens were eradicated in 89% of urinary tract infections and persisted in 5%; 80% of patients still had sterile urine at the 3-to 6-week follow-up. In 81% of nonurinary tract infections, pathogens were eradicated; they persisted in 11%, and superinfection occurred in less than 5%. After treatment, 89% of the 2253 causative organisms were eradicated and 2% were reduced to clinically insignificant counts; 8% persisted. Of 411 isolates of P. aeruginosa, 77% were eradicated, as were 97% of 421 Escherichia coli and 80% of 248 Staphylococcus aureus isolates. Also eradicated were 95% of 166 Klebsiella, 96% of 139 Proteus mirabilis, 100% of 20 other Proteus, 94% of 123 Enterobacter, 100% of 68 Haemophilus influenzae, 96% of 49 Citrobacter, 89% of 45 Serratia, 95% of 41 Streptococcus pneumoniae, 91% of 43 Salmonella, 100% of 38 Morganella morganii, and 100% of 35 Providencia isolates. Adverse reactions were judged probably or possibly drug-related in 14.8% of courses; drug treatment had to be stopped prematurely in 3.5%. The most frequent reactions were gastrointestinal complaints (chiefly nausea, diarrhea, and vomiting), metabolic disorders (elevated SGOT, SGPT, serum creatinine, or blood urea nitrogen), and nervous system effects (dizziness, light-headedness, restlessness, tremor, and headache). Crystalluria, judged to be related to ciprofloxacin, occurred in two patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:A survey of clinical experience with ciprofloxacin, a new quinolone antimicrobial. 336 Sep 68

A method is described for the isolation of pure, chemically intact sheaths of blood microfilariae of Litomosoides carinii. Microfilariae were isolated according to standard techniques. Exsheathment was performed by freezing-thawing-shaking procedures, repeated 5-10 times, i.e., larvae were frozen in liquid nitrogen, thawed at room temperature, and shaken vigorously for 5 s. Exsheathment rates were about 50%. Sheaths were separated from ensheathed and exsheathed microfilariae and microfilariae fragments by filtration through a polycarbonate filter (2 micron pore size). The achievable yield (about 15% of the sheaths of a batch of microfilariae) was approximately 1 microgram of sheaths per 10(6) microfilariae.
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PMID:Isolation of pure sheaths of Litomosoides carinii microfilariae. 343 99

Dementia--a syndrome of acquired intellectual deterioration--is an etiologically non-specific condition which is permanent, progressive, or reversible. In the evaluation of demented patients, a careful exposure history will determine the possible role of drugs, metals, or toxins. The physical examination may reveal focal deficits in cases of intracranial mass lesions and spasticity or ataxia of the lower limbs if hydrocephalus is present. Coexistance of dementia and peripheral neuropathy usually indicates a toxic or metabolic disorder. Asterixis, myoclonus, and postural tremor are common in toxic-metabolic dementias, while resting tremor, choreoathetosis, and rigidity occur in progressive extrapyramidal disorders. EEG is focally abnormal in cases of cerebral mass lesions and exhibits generalized slowing in toxic-metabolic encephalopathies. CT will aid in the identification of hydrocephalus, subdural hematomas, and intracranial mass lesions. A thorough laboratory evaluation including complete blood count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, electrolytes, blood urea nitrogen and blood sugar, liver and thyroid tests, calcium and phosphorus levels, B12 and folate levels, serum copper and ceruloplasmin, VDRL, chest X-ray, electrocardiogram, and lumbar puncture may demonstrate treatable disorders that are adversely affecting intellectual function. Elderly individuals are particularly susceptible to the effects of toxic or metabolic disorders, and a mild dementia might be exaggerated by relatively minor fluctuations in metabolic status. Treatable causes of dementia should be considered in all demented patients.
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PMID:[Treatable dementia syndromes]. 358 48

Two groups of divers (Group A and B) were compressed to 500 msw with trimix (n = 3) and heliox (n = 3). After 4 d at saturation depth Group A had a gas change to heliox. Both groups were followed with repeated neuropsychological and neurological tests during compression, at stable intermediate depths and at saturation depth. There were marked high pressure nervous syndrome effects during compression for both groups. Only tremor was inhibited by the nitrogen. In addition Group A was impaired due to nitrogen narcosis. During trimix and heliox saturation there was only some recovery in the EEG. Group B had a sustained high tremor during the saturation. On visuomotor and cognitive functions Group B performed up to predive level on the 3rd d at saturation while Group A was heavily impaired during the whole trimix saturation period. Although dizziness and tremor were the main symptoms in Group B, Group A reported concentration trouble, euphoria, and upset stomach during the saturation phase. Minor changes occurred in the EEG during the gas change. There was, however, a marked increase in postural tremor and recovery on cognitive tests relating to the elimination of the nitrogen. Up to the completion of the gas change no severe symptoms were reported. Six hours after the gas change, severe symptoms occurred with visual and auditory hallucinations and myoclonic jerks as the dominant characteristics. Some symptoms lasted for 12 h. During decompression there was a steady normalization in both groups.
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PMID:CNS reactions at 51 ATA on trimix and heliox and during decompression. 383 48

Isothermal gas chromatography with flame ionization detection was used to determine residual ethylene oxide (EtO), ethylene chlorohydrin, and ethylene glycol in soft rubber catheters that had been sterilized with EtO. Catheter samples were extracted by shaking with carbon disulfide, and the extract was analyzed on a 3% Carbowax 20M on 80-100 mesh Chromosorb 101 column, using nitrogen as the carrier gas. Ten replicate injections of a mixed standards solution gave coefficients of variation of 1.91, 1.23, and 4.74% for EtO, ethylene chlorohydrin, and ethylene glycol, respectively. A linear response was obtained with concentrations ranging from 1.0 to 7.9 micrograms EtO, 14.0 to 88.0 micrograms ethylene chlorohydrin, and 31.0 to 98.5 micrograms ethylene glycol. The proposed method detected as little as 0.5, 5.0, and 16.5 ng EtO, ethylene chlorohydrin, and ethylene glycol, respectively.
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PMID:Rapid gas chromatographic determination of ethylene oxide, ethylene chlorohydrin, and ethylene glycol residues in rubber catheters. 401 75


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