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Query: UMLS:C0040822 (tremor)
 18,428 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A simple and rapid liquid-liquid extraction of palladium has been studied involving ion-pairing of bromocomplexes of palladium(II) with hexadecylpyridinium bromide (HDPB) dissolved in chloroform. The stoichiometry and distribution of (HDP)2PdBr4 between the aqueous and organic phase was investigated by spectrophotometric mole ratio method. The extraction efficiency of palladium(II) by HDPB was studied as a function of several variables: acid, salt, surfactant concentration and equilibrium time. The results showed that PdBr4(2-) extraction could be explained by assuming the formation of (HDP)2PdBr4 complexes in the aqueous solution and transfer to organic phase. The extraction was fast and the shaking time was only a few min. The average recovery of palladium(II) from an aqueous solution containing 10 microg/ml of analyte was 99% with an RSD% of 0.95. The percentage recovery of 0.2 microg/ml palladium(II) was 96%.
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PMID:Liquid-liquid extraction of palladium(II) from hydrobromic acid media by hexadecylpyridinium bromide. 1191 90

The effects of four organophosphorous compounds, three oximes and atropine sulphate, injected through an indwelling cannula into the third ventricle of unanaesthetized dogs were examined. The effects of 200 mug of dyflos were involuntary micturition, defaecation, akinesia of hind limbs and pronounced disturbances of awareness; those of 100 mug of ethyl pyrophosphate were tremor, restlessness and signs of fear; 500 mug to 5 mg of dyflos and 250 mug to 500 mug of ethyl pyrophosphate caused vomiting, salivation, twitches of facial muscles and recurrent epileptiform seizures. The injection of 40 to 80 mg of dimefox and of 50 mg of schradan elicited involuntary micturition, vomiting, salivation and defaecation. These effects occur probably after these substances have passed into the blood stream and have been converted in the liver to potent anticholinesterases. This view is supported by the finding of reduced blood cholinesterase activity. At a dose level of 12.5 mg, 1,1'-trimethylenebis(4-hydroxyiminomethylpyridinium bromide) produced strong convulsions. At this dose level pralidoxime iodide and diacetyl monoxime produced no observable effects. Atropine sulphate in a dose of 1 mg caused disturbances in consciousness and behaviour followed by convulsions. Intraventricular atropine and to a minor extent intraventricular oximes were able to antagonize the effects of intraventricular ethyl pyrophosphate. Pralidoxime iodide exerted a strong antagonistic effect also on intravenous injection.
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PMID:Effects of organophosphorous compounds, oximes and atropine injected into the third ventricle of unanaesthetized dogs. 1388 82

Children and adolescents experiencing acute exacerbations of asthma benefit from the use of beta(2)-adrenoceptor agonists (beta(2)-agonists) and systemic corticosteroids. However, there have been conflicting reports regarding the efficacy of inhaled anticholinergic agents. This article summarizes the evidence provided by randomized controlled trials studying the efficacy of adding inhaled anticholinergic agents to beta(2)-agonists in nonhospitalized children and adolescents with acute exacerbations of asthma. This systematic review of randomized controlled trials suggests that the addition of inhaled anticholinergic agents to beta(2)-agonists is beneficial in children and adolescents, particularly those with severe exacerbations of asthma. When given in repeated doses, the addition of inhaled anticholinergic agents to beta(2)-agonists improves lung function and reduces the risk of hospital admission by 25%. Several treatment regimens, namely ipratropium bromide (250 or 500 microg per dose) every 20-60 minutes for two to three doses have been tested with similar beneficial effects. The addition of a single dose of an inhaled anticholinergic agent to beta(2)-agonists improves lung function but does not prevent hospital admission. The review did not identify any beneficial effects of anticholinergic agents in children with nonsevere asthma. Use of anticholinergic agents was not associated with increase in the incidence of nausea, vomiting or tremor. In conclusion, the addition of repeated doses of an inhaled anticholinergic agent to inhaled beta(2)-agonist is indicated in the emergency room management of children and adolescents with acute asthma, particularly those with severe exacerbations.
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PMID:Acute asthma in children and adolescents: should inhaled anticholinergics be added to beta(2)-agonists? 1472 10

The two inhaled long-acting beta2-adrenoceptor agonists, salmeterol and formoterol, have been studied extensively since their introduction in the early 1990s. In this review we consider the evidence for their efficacy and safety in adults with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), by reviewing long-term prospective studies in which these drugs have been compared with placebo or an alternative bronchodilator. We have also assessed safety, including data from postmarketing surveillance studies and case-control studies using large databases. In patients with asthma, salmeterol and formoterol increase lung function, reduce asthmatic symptoms and improve quality of life when compared with placebo. Both drugs protect against exercise-induced asthma, although some tolerance develops with regular use. Tolerance to the bronchodilator effects of formoterol has also been seen, although this is small and most of the beneficial effects are maintained long-term. Both drugs have been shown to reduce asthma exacerbations but only in studies in which most patients were taking an inhaled corticosteroid. Adding a long-acting beta2-agonist provided better control than increasing the dose of inhaled corticosteroid in several studies. Long-acting beta2-agonists also provide better asthma control than use of regular short-acting beta2-agonists and theophylline. Their relative efficacy compared with leukotriene antagonists is uncertain as yet. Formoterol appears to be at least as safe and effective as a short-acting beta2-agonist when used on an 'as required' basis. In patients with COPD, both salmeterol and formoterol offer improved lung function and reduced COPD symptoms compared with placebo, and quality of life has been improved in some studies. Some tolerance to the bronchodilating effect of salmeterol was seen in one study. Most studies have not found a significant reduction in exacerbations in COPD. Both drugs have provided greater benefit than ipratropium bromide or theophylline; there are limited data on tiotropium bromide. The long-acting beta2-agonists cause predictable adverse effects including headache, tremor, palpitations, muscle cramps and a fall in serum potassium concentration. Salmeterol can also cause paradoxical bronchospasm. There is some evidence that serious adverse events including dysrhythmias and life-threatening asthma episodes can occur; however, the incidence of such events is very low but may be increased in patients not taking an inhaled corticosteroid. Salmeterol 50 microg twice daily and formoterol 12 microg twice daily are effective and safe in treating patients with asthma and COPD. Higher doses cause more adverse effects, although serious adverse events are rare.
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PMID:A benefit-risk assessment of inhaled long-acting beta2-agonists in the management of obstructive pulmonary disease. 1535 Jan 54

A 74-year-old man became unable to walk two days following the initiation of administration of oral distigmine bromide, 10 mg per day, for his constipation. Neurological examination revealed bradykinesia, rigidity and fine postural tremor without laterality. T2 weighted MRI showed mild front-temporal atrophy and multiple hyperintensities in both deep white matters. His symptoms fully improved one week after discontinuance of distigmine bromide. This is the first case report of distigmine bromide induced Parkinsonism.
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PMID:[Distigmine bromide induced Parkinsonism. A case report]. 1618 Jul 10

Leuprolide acetate (LA) is a synthetic analog of gonadotropin releasing hormone. It is effective in prostate cancer treatment only when its desired concentration in blood is maintained for longer duration. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the in vitro release, biocompatibility, and in vivo absorption of LA from phase-sensitive polymer delivery systems capable of delivering it at a controlled rate for longer duration. Phase-sensitive formulations were prepared by dissolving dl-polylactic acid (dl-PLA) in a mixture of organic solvents, benzyl benzoate (BB) and benzyl alcohol (BA). LA was incorporated into the polymer solution by homogenization. In vitro release was studied into 15 ml of releasing media contained in a vial which was maintained at 37 degrees C in a reciprocal shaking water bath. The amount of LA in the released samples was analyzed by stability indicating HPLC method. The biocompatibility of polymer formulations was investigated by in vitro 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. In vivo absorption of LA from delivery systems was studied in rabbits. Blood samples were analyzed for LA and testosterone contents by commercially available immunoassay kits. In vitro release studies showed a greater release of LA from formulations containing a greater proportion of BA (hydrophilic fraction) in the solvent mixture. In vitro biocompatibility study showed significantly (p<0.05) higher cell viability in growth media diluted with polymer extract than the control. In vivo absorption of LA and its effect on testosterone level in rabbits from the delivery system showed a sustained plasma level of LA up to 12 weeks which suppressed the testosterone plasma concentration to castration level beginning from 14th day until 90 days. Thus, phase-sensitive polymer delivery systems of LA were biocompatible and delivered LA at a controlled rate both in vitro and in vivo to keep testosterone plasma concentration at a castration level up to 3 months.
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PMID:Phase-sensitive polymer-based controlled delivery systems of leuprolide acetate: in vitro release, biocompatibility, and in vivo absorption in rabbits. 1695 51

Solvent sublation has been studied for the separation and determination of trace iron(II) in various kinds of water samples. A strongly magenta-colored anionic [Fe(FZ)3](4-) complex was formed at pH 5.0 upon adding 3-(2-pyridyl)-5,6-bis(4-phenylsulfonic acid)-1,2,4-triazine (ferrozine, FZ) to the sample solution. Tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB) was added in the solution to form the (TBA)4[Fe(FZ)3)] ion pair, and an oleic acid (HOL) surfactant was added. Then, the (TBA)4[Fe(FZ)3] ion pairs were floated by vigorous shaking in the flotation cell and extracted into methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) on the surface of the aqueous solution. The iron collected in the MIBK layer was measured directly by spectrophotometry and/or flame atomic-absorption spectrophotometry. Different experimental variables that may affect the sublation efficiency were thoroughly investigated. The molar absorptivity of the (TBA)4[Fe(FZ)3] ion pair was 2.8 x 10(4) l mol(-1) cm(-1) in the aqueous layer. Beer's law held up to 1.0 mg L(-1) Fe(II) in the aqueous as well as in the organic layers. The adopted solvent sublation method was successfully applied for the determination of Fe(II) in natural water samples with a preconcentration factor of 200. The application was extended to determine iron in pharmaceutical samples.
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PMID:Solvent sublation and spectrometric determination of iron(II) and total iron using 3-(2-pyridyl)-5,6-bis(4-phenylsulfonic acid)-1,2,4-triazine and tetrabutylammonium bromide. 1696 4

Polypropylene (PP) coated by a non-leachable biocide was prepared by chemically attaching poly(quaternary ammonium) (PQA) to the surface of PP. The well-defined poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA), a precursor of PQA, was grown from the surface of PP via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). The tertiary ammine groups in PDMAEMA were consequently converted to QA in the presence of ethyl bromide. Successful surface modification was confirmed by ATR-FTIR, contact angle measurement, and an antibacterial activity test against Escherichia coli (E. coli). The biocidal activity of the resultant surfaces depends on the amount of the grafted polymers (the number of available quaternary ammonium units). With the same grafting density, the surface grafted with relatively high MW polymers (M(n) > 10,000 g/mol) showed almost 100% killing efficiency (killing all of the input E. coli (2.9 x 10(5)) in the shaking test), whereas a low biocidal activity (85%) was observed for the surface grafted with shorter PQA chains (M(n) = 1,500 g/mol).
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PMID:Antibacterial polypropylene via surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization. 1741 6

Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are common disorders that are associated with increasing morbidity and mortality in older people. Bronchodilators are used widely in patients with these conditions, but even when used in inhaled form can have systemic as well as local effects. Older people experience more adverse drug effects because of pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic changes and particularly drug-drug and drug-disease interactions. Cardiovascular disease is common in older people and beta-adrenoceptor agonists (beta-agonists) have inotropic and chronotropic effects that can increase arrhythmias and cardiomyopathy. They can also worsen or induce myocardial ischaemia and cause electrolyte disturbances that contribute to arrhythmias. Tremor is a well known distressing adverse effect of beta-agonist administration. Long-term beta-agonist use can be associated with tolerance, poor disease control, sudden life-threatening exacerbations and asthma-related deaths. Functional beta2-adrenoceptors are present in osteoblasts, and chronic use of beta-agonists has been implicated in osteoporosis. Inhaled anticholinergics are usually well tolerated but may cause dry mouth, which can be troublesome in older people. Pupillary dilatation, blurred vision and acute glaucoma can occur from escape of droplets from loosely fitting nebulizer masks. Although ECG changes have not been seen in randomized controlled trials of long-acting inhaled anticholinergics, supraventricular tachycardias have been observed in a 5-year randomized controlled trial of ipratropium bromide. Paradoxical bronchoconstriction can occur with inhaled anticholinergics as well as with beta-agonists, but tolerance has not been reported with anticholinergics. Anticholinergic drugs also cause central effects, most notably impairment of cognitive function, and these effects have been noted with inhaled agents. Use of theophylline is limited by its adverse effects, which range from commonly occurring gastrointestinal symptoms to palpitations, arrhythmias and reports of myocardial infarction. Seizures have been reported, but are rare. Theophylline is metabolized primarily by the liver, and commonly interacts with other medications. Its concentration in plasma should be monitored closely, especially in older people. Although many clinical trials have been conducted on bronchodilators in obstructive airways disease, the results of these clinical trials need to be interpreted with caution as older people are often under-represented and subjects with co-morbidities actively excluded from these trials.
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PMID:Potential adverse effects of bronchodilators in the treatment of airways obstruction in older people: recommendations for prescribing. 1844 5

Distigmine bromide (3, 3'-[hexamethylenebis (methyliminocarbonyloxy)] bis (1-methylpyridinium) dibromide), an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor, produced a time-dependent and dose-dependent increase in acetylcholine (ACh) levels in the medial prefrontal cortex of rats. The overt cholinergic behaviours, such as tremor, fasciculation and lacrimation, were also elicited by distigmine bromide. The onset and duration of these behaviours were reflected in the microdialysis data showing that distigmine bromide enhances cholinergic neurotransmission in rat brain. The dose of distigmine bromide eliciting increase in ACh in the medial prefrontal cortex of rats correlated well with its dose for the induction of the cholinergic behaviours. Furthermore, distigmine bromide was an equipotent inhibitor of AChE and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) activities in the present study. From these findings, it is suggested that distigmine bromide may produce centrally mediated behavioural signs by increasing the ACh levels in the brain, resulting from its AChE and BuChE inhibitions.
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PMID:Effect of distigmine bromide on the central cholinergic system. 1851 53


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