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Query: UMLS:C0040822 (tremor)
 18,428 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The effects of pH, broth volume, initial sugar concentration, ratio of carbon to nitrogen and phosphorus, and the glucose feeding method on GSH production in a shaking flask were investigated. The results showed that the proper pH and broth content for GSH production were 6.0 and 60 ml broth per 500 ml flask, respectively. The initial glucose concentration distinctly affected the GSH production; the intracellular GSH content of yeast would decrease when the initial glucose concentration was beyond 12 g/L. A glucose feeding strategy with the purpose of controlling the specific growth rate at an expected value was developed and applied to a 12 hour fermentation with the total glucose concentration 26.2 g/L; the final cell concentration (DCW) and the intracellular GSH content could reach 8.78 g/L and 13.6 mg/g, respectively, while the total GSH in the broth was 119.4 mg/L and the yield of cell to glucose was 0.335 g/g.
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PMID:The effect of environmental conditions and glucose feeding in shaking flask on glutathione (GSH) production. 1019 32

Extracellular polymeric material (EP), comprising the matrix of Candida albicans biofilms, was isolated and its composition was compared with that of EP obtained from culture supernatants of planktonically grown (suspended) organisms. Both preparations consisted of carbohydrate, protein, phosphorus and hexosamine, but biofilm EP contained significantly less total carbohydrate (41%) and protein (5%) than planktonic EP. It also had a higher proportion of glucose (16%) and contained galactose, suggesting that it might possess components unique to biofilms. To investigate whether the EP matrix plays a role in the resistance of biofilms to antifungal agents, susceptibility profiles of biofilms incubated statically (which have relatively little matrix) were compared with those for biofilms incubated with gentle shaking (which produce much more matrix material). Biofilms grown with or without shaking did not exhibit significant differences in susceptibility to any of the drugs tested, indicating that drug resistance is unrelated to the extent of matrix formation. However, biofilms formed on two different types of polyvinyl chloride catheter, obtained from different manufacturers, showed differences in susceptibility to amphotericin B, suggesting that drug resistance may arise as a result of highly specific, surface-induced gene expression.
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PMID:Matrix polymers of Candida biofilms and their possible role in biofilm resistance to antifungal agents. 1098 Jan 66

The incorporation of [1-14C]palmitic or [1-14C]oleic acid into phosphatidylcholine and the effect on blood group antigen expression were examined in human erythrocytes stored at 4 degrees C for 0-3 weeks. Blood drawn into EDTA was obtained by venepuncture from healthy volunteers. A 50% suspension of washed erythrocytes was incubated in buffer containing [1-14C]fatty acid for up to 60 min at 37 degrees C with moderate shaking. Phosphatidylcholine was extracted and analyzed for uptake of radiolabelled fatty acid and phospholipid phosphorus content. Incorporation of [1-14C]palmitic or [1-14C]oleic acid into phosphatidylcholine was reduced during storage. The mechanism for the reduction in radiolabelled fatty acid incorporation into phosphatidylcholine was a 64% (p < 0.05) reduction in membrane phospholipase A2 activity. Although human erythrocyte membranes isolated from freshly drawn blood are capable of reacylating lysophosphatidylcholine to phosphatidylcholine, with storage, a markedly different substrate preference between palmitoyl-Coenzyme A and oleoyl-Coenzyme A was observed. Lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase activity assayed with oleoyl-Coenzyme A was unaltered with storage. In contrast, lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase activity assayed with palmitoyl-Coenzyme A was elevated 5.5-fold (p < 0.05). Despite these changes, storage of erythrocytes for up to 3 weeks did not result in altered expression of the various blood group antigens investigated. We conclude that the incorporation of palmitate and oleate into phosphatidylcholine is dramatically reduced during storage of human erythrocytes. The observed differential in vitro substrate utilization suggests that distinct acyltransferases are involved in the acylation of lysophosphatidylcholine to phosphatidylcholine in human erythrocytes.
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PMID:Incorporation of fatty acids into phosphatidylcholine is reduced during storage of human erythrocytes: evidence for distinct lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferases. 1112 52

We present the first reported study of Ruta graveolens toxicity in 7-8-month-old Nubian goats. Oral administration of 5 g/kg bw per day of R. graveolens leaves caused tremor, dyspnoea, frequent urination, incoordination of movement, ataxia and recumbency, with death after 1-7 days. In goats receiving oral doses of 1 g/kg bw per day of the leaves, the course of toxicity was prolonged and the animals had pallor of the visible mucous membranes and loss in condition; one died on day 17, the others being slaughtered on days 41 and 46. The clinical effects were correlated with pathological changes in various organs, alterations in serum aspartate transaminase, creatine kinase, total protein, cholesterol, urea and other serum constituents, haematological values and the concentrations in the tissues of copper, iron, zinc, manganese, calcium and phosphorus.
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PMID:Preliminary observations on experimental Ruta graveolens toxicosis in Nubian goats. 1216 28

Reduction-induced phosphorus (P) release from particles transported by field runoff has been poorly studied for want of a method that could be used for large surveys. To rectify this shortcoming, we modified the bicarbonate-dithionite (BD) extraction step of a sediment P speciation scheme for analyzing redox-sensitive P in runoff without sample preconcentration. The extraction comprised the addition of bicarbonate (pH buffer) and dithionite (reducing agent) into a runoff sample, 15 min of gentle shaking, filtration, and sample digestion. The samples were greatly reduced (Eh < -200 mV), and Fe and P were solubilized, but Al solubility was not increased. Phosphorus release from rock phosphates (calcium phosphates) was greater in the BD extraction than in water or bicarbonate solution, although no more than 0.2% of the total P was released. For runoff from a very fine Typic Cryaquept, the particulate phosphorus (PP) versus BD-PP relationship was linear up to a PP concentration of about 1.0 mg L(-1), but over the whole PP range studied (up to 2.6 mg L(-1)) somewhat better described by an exponential equation (BD-PP = 0.297 x PP(0.766); r2 = 0.91, n = 79). The minimum detectable value given by the method was relatively low, 0.023 mg L(-1), but reproducibility varied, with the coefficient of variation for 10 samples analyzed with 5 replicates ranging from 1.8 to 28.5%. Considering the variable reproducibility of the results and the lack of suitable reference material, the method needs further refinement and testing if it is to be used for quantitative determination of redox-sensitive P in runoff.
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PMID:Determination of redox-sensitive phosphorus in field runoff without sediment preconcentration. 1254 44

Animal manures contain large amounts of soluble phosphorus (P), which is prone to runoff losses when manure is surface-applied. Here we report the efficacy of alum and three coal combustion by-products in reducing P solubility when added to dairy, swine, or broiler litter manures in a laboratory incubation study. Compared with unamended controls, alum effectively reduced readily soluble P, determined in water extracts of moist manure samples with 1 h of shaking, for all three manures. The reduction ranged from 80 to 99% at treatment rates of 100 to 250 g alum kg(-1) manure dry matter. The fluidized bed combustion fly ash (FBC) reduced readily soluble P by 50 to 60% at a rate of 400 g kg(-1) for all three manures. Flue gas desulfurization by-product (FGD) reduced readily soluble P by nearly 80% when added to swine manure and broiler litter at 150 and 250 g kg(-1). Another by-product, anthracite refuse fly ash (ANT), was ineffective for all three manures. In all cases, reduction in readily soluble P is primarily associated with inorganic phosphorus (P(i)) with little change in organic phosphorus (P(o)). Sequential extraction results indicate that the by-product treatments shifted manure P from H2O-P into a less vulnerable fraction, NaHCO3 - P, while the alum treatment shifted the P into even more stable forms, mostly NaOH-P. Such shifts in P fractions would have little influence on P availability for crops over the long-term but would retard and reduce potential losses of P following manure applications.
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PMID:Efficacy of alum and coal combustion by-products in stabilizing manure phosphorus. 1293 6

Water treatment residuals (WTRs) are a by-product of municipal drinking water treatment plants and can have the capacity to adsorb tremendous amounts of P. Understanding the WTR phosphorus adsorption process is important for discerning the mechanism and tenacity of P retention. We studied P adsorbing mechanism(s) of an aluminum-based [Al2(SO4)3 x 14H2O] WTR from Englewood, CO. In a laboratory study, we shook mixtures of P-loaded WTR for 1 to 211 d followed by solution pH analysis, and solution Ca, Al, and P analysis via inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. After shaking periods, we also examined the solids fraction by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron microprobe analysis using wavelength dispersive spectroscopy (EMPA-WDS). The shaking results indicated an increase in pH from 7.2 to 8.2, an increase in desorbed Ca and Al concentrations, and a decrease in desorbed P concentration. The pH and desorbed Ca concentration increases suggested that CaCO3 controlled Ca solubility. Increased desorbed Al concentration may have been due to Al(OH)4 formation. Decreased P content, in conjunction with the pH increase, was consistent with calcium phosphate formation or precipitation. The system appeared to be undersaturated with respect to dicalcium phosphate (DCP; CaHPO4) and supersaturated with respect to octacalcium phosphate [OCP; Ca4H(PO4)3 x 2.5H2O]. The Ca and Al increases, as well as OCP formation, were supported by MINTEQA2 modeling. The XRD and EMPA-WDS results for all shaking times, however, suggested surface P chemisorption as an amorphous Al-P mineral phase.
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PMID:Phosphorus retention mechanisms of a water treatment residual. 1453 30

There are differences between the EPA Method 365 and the APHA-AWWA-WEF's Standard Method 4500 with respect to the post-digestion treatment procedures of the persulfate-digested water. The effects on total phosphorus analysis of different post-digestion treatment procedures, such as neutralization and reacidification, and shaking/settling, were investigated in this study using the total phosphorus measurements of water samples from the Everglades Round Robin (ERR) study and comparing the results with the ERR study. The effects of the insoluble particles or phosphorus adsorption/precipitation on/with Al and Fe hydroxides in different post-digestion treatment procedures adequately accounted for the differences between the most probable value and the higher or lower total phosphorus measurements reported in the ERR study. Based on the results of this investigation we recommend that a clearly defined set of digestion and post-digestion treatment procedures be adopted as the standard for total phosphorus analysis using the ascorbic acid method.
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PMID:The effects of post-persulfate-digestion procedures on total phosphorus analysis in water. 1538 Sep 79

A new method to assess phosphorus bioavailability in the sediments and soils was developed by using a homemade iron oxide/ cellulose acetate membrane(FeO/CAM). The results show that the amount of bioavailable phosphorus(FeO-P) desorbed from the sediment and soil increased with the shaking time,and FeO-P desorption would come to equilibrium after 16 ot 20h. With the increase of the ratio between soil mass and water volume, the quantity of the desorbed FeO-P would decrease and then went planar after 20 to 30g/L. The quantity of the desorbed FeO-P had no significant difference between the FeO/CAMs of 20 to 30cm2. The dynamics of FeO-P desorption from the sediments and soils would be accelerated by appropriately increasing the shaking frequency. In short, FeO/ CAMs overcome many disadvantages of iron oxide impregnated filter paper and are easy to be commercialized; therefore it may have a better future in the application to assessing phosphorus hioavailability in the sediments and soils.
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PMID:[New method to assess phosphorus bioavailability in the sediments and soils]. 1600 30

No single end-use has yet been identified that is capable of consuming the projected production of ochre (mainly iron (III) oxides) from mine drainage treatment. However, the high sorption capacity of ochre for phosphorus (up to 26 mg kg(-1)) means that it could be used in constructed wetlands to enhance phosphorus removal. Laboratory batch experiments showed that coarse-grained ochre removes 90% of all phosphorus forms from sewage effluent after 15 minutes of shaking. From a larger-scale experiment, it is estimated that constructed wetlands with an ochre substrate should remove phosphorus from sewage effluent for up to 200-300 years. The suitability of ochre for phosphorus removal is being investigated at the field scale in a wastewater constructed wetland (175 m2 area) in Berwickshire, UK. The hydraulic and treatment performance of the wetland were monitored for 15 months prior to installation at the inlet in November 2003 of a tank containing approximately 1200 kg ochre. Results so far show that improved hydraulic design is required for ochre to increase the mean phosphorus removal efficiency of the system (27 +/- 28%), but potentially toxic metals (Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, Zn) have not been released from the ochre into the wetland outflow.
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PMID:Enhancing phosphorus removal in constructed wetlands with ochre from mine drainage treatment. 1604 68


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