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Query: UMLS:C0040822 (tremor)
 18,428 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy has been investigated in a two-stage devascularization model in the rat with portavacal shunt and hepatic artery ligation. There is a significant increase in brain octopamine and phenylethanolamine and a decrease in brain norepinephrine (NE) 6 to 9 hours after hepatic artery ligation. The depletion of NE seems the sequel of diminished synthesis in the presence of an unaltered turnover rate, due to a blockade of tyrosine hydroxylase either by accumulation of false neurochemical transmitters or by phenylalanine. It is most marked in the cortex and midbrain. The high-energy phosphate compounds, ATP, phosphocreatine and glucose-6-phosphate are not diminished in hepatic coma, nor is glucose, indicating that other mechanism are involved in the pathogenesis of metabolic state by the increased ammonia level. "intestinal sterilization" and total colectomy have no significant effect on the ammonia level, but cause a decrease in the level or aromatic precursor amino acids in the plasma and brain, with normalization of the level of cerebral transmitters. These results permit the formulation of a unified concept of the hepatic coma syndrome and its clinical manifestations such as flapping tremor, the hyperdynamic cardiovascular state and the hepatorenal syndrome. Moreover, they form the basis for the introduction of a new therapeutic principle in the management of hepatic encephalopathy by L-dopa or modified amino acid solutions, which act by altering the central and peripheral neurotransmitters.
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PMID:[Cerebral manifestations in the hepatic coma syndrome (author's transl)]. 0 92

The dark and light reduction of nitrate and nitrite by cell-free preparations of the blue-green alga Anacystis nidulans has been investigated. The three following methods have been successfully applied to the preparation of active particulate fractions from the alga cells: (a) shaking with glass beads, (b) lysozyme treatment and lysis of the resulting protoplasts, and (c) sonication. The two enzymes of the nitrate-reducing system-namely, nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase-are firmly bound to the isolated pigment-containing particles, and can be easily solubilized by prolonging the vibration or sonication time. Both enzymes-whether solubilized or bound to the particles-depend on reduced ferredoxin as the immediate electron donor. In its presence, the alga particles catalyze the gradual photoreduction of nitrate to nitrite and ammonia, a process that can thus be considered as one of the most simple and relevant examples of Photosynthesis. Some of the properties of nitrate reductase have been studied. Nitrate reductase as well as nitrite reductase are adaptive enzymes repressed by ammonia.
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PMID:Ferredoxin-dependent photosynthetic reduction of nitrate and nitrite by particles of Anacystis nidulans. 0 27

By treating the Streptomyces olivaceus 142 strain simultaneously with ethyleneimine and UV radiation, the FPG mutant was isolated, which was characterized by the fact that in submerged cultures it produces a cytotoxic substance for fibroblasts and tumor cells and inhibits growth of pathogenic fungi. The mutant differs from other strains not only in having a different spectrum of antimicrobial activity, but also by taxonomic properties such as color of the aerial mycelium, liquefaction of gelatin, growth on cellulose, production of ammonia and nitrate reduction. An optimal culture medium and conditions of biosynthesis of the antibiotic in submerged cultures on the shaking machine and in 20-liter fermentation tanks were elaborated. The active substance was designated by the symbol WR 142-FPG.
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PMID:Antibiotics produced by Streptomyces olivaceus 142. I. Characterization of the FPG mutant and conditions of production of antibiotic WR 142-FPG. 1 63

Enterotoxigenic strain of Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 14458) was grown under various conditions with constant shaking to determine the requirements for maximum toxin production. It was evident that 3% tryptic soy broth, 3% NZ-Amine NAK + 3% casein hydrolysate, 3% NZ-Amine NAK + 1% yeast extract, and 3% NZ-Amine NAK + 1% yeast extract + 0.2% glucose are most available toxin production media. But concentration of glucose could strictly triggered the enterotoxin producing efficiency. When glucose concentration was less than 0.5%, although with higher yield, the toxin production was delayed for certain period of time. However, if glucose concentration was up to more than 0.5%, the enterotoxin production was almost inhibited. Some metabolites of glucose to elucidate the inhibitory effect have also investigated. Our results indicated that glycerol and citric acid inhibited the toxin production directly, while the inhibitory effect of lactic acid and acetic acid were due to those acidic metabolites, decreased the pH value of media, and adversely suppressed the bacterial growth.
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PMID:[Studies on staphylococcal enterotoxin B. II. Production and regulation (author's transl)]. 3 15

Inhibitors formed by a monkey epithelial cell line, BSC-1, play an important role in limiting growth at high cell densities. At least three inhibitors are formed: lactic acid, ammonia, and an unidentified inhibitor that may be an unstable protein. The unidentified inhibitor is destroyed by shaking the conditioned medium, by bubbling gas through the medium, or by heating or storing the medium in the absence of cells. The concentrations of lactic acid and ammonia that accumulate in conditioned medium inhibit growth when added to fresh medium. These results, together with earlier studies, indicate that density-dependent regulation of growth of BSC-1 cells results from the combined effects of (a) inhibitors formed by the cells, (b) decreased availability of receptor sites for serum growth factors as the cells become crowded, and (c) limiting concentrations of low molecular weight nutrients in the medium. In contrast, density-dependent regulation of growth in 3T3 mouse embryo fibroblasts results almost entirely from inactivation of serum factors.
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PMID:Density-dependent regulation of growth of BSC-1 cells in cell culture: growth inhibitors formed by the cells. 27 14

We report a 41-year-old male of citrullinemia associated with argininosuccinate acid synthetase deficiency. He was admitted to the Hitachi General Hospital because of finger tremor, restlessness and urinary incontinence. He had short stature and a poor appetite. Laboratory evaluation was summarized as follows: mild hypoglycemia, low plasma cortisol levels, delayed response of 17-OHCS and 17-KS to ACTH administration in urine, and delayed response of plasma ACTH level to insulin administration. In this case, ACTH deficiency is estimated to be a dysfunction of the hypothalamus. Replacement therapy of hydrocortisone improved his symptoms. He was readmitted to the hospital because of delirium and confusion, two weeks after the hydrocortisone administration. At that time, he had flapping tremor. Laboratory examination revealed hyperammonemia (NH3: 231 micrograms/dl) and mild elevation of GOT and GPT. Serum and urinary amino acid determination showed marked elevation of citrulline (478.1 nmol/ml in serum, 4681.2 mumol/day in urine). Lactulose administration, low protein diet and plasmapheresis were started, but he went into a coma. Without any improvement, he died on the 29th hospital day. Autopsy examination of the liver disclosed fatty change. Adrenal cortex depicted severe atrophy. Biochemical analysis of urea cycle enzymes of the liver and kidney showed decreased activity of argininosuccinate synthetase (liver: 0.0022 U/mg protein, 5% of that normal liver, kidney: 0.003 IU/mg protein, 20% of that in normal kidney). Citrullinemia associated with ACTH deficiency have not reported in the literature. It may be presumed that ACTH deficiency is concerned with the delayed onset of hyperammonemia. The relation between citrullinemia and endocrinological abnormalities is also discussed.
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PMID:[A case of citrullinemia associated with isolated ACTH deficiency, rapidly developing coma]. 133 25

A 58-year-old male liver cirrhosis patient, who had a history of recurrent hepatic encephalopathy, was admitted to our hospital because of clouding of consciousness. He had an episode of recent head trauma. On admission, he was drowsy and exhibited flapping tremor, fetor hepaticus and ascites. Laboratory data showed an increase in blood ammonia level, and a decrease in peripheral thrombocytes, serum albumin and prothrombin value. A ratio of branched-chain to aromatic amino acids was reduced. Antibody against hepatitis C virus was positive. His electroencephalogram showed bilaterally large synchronous slow waves. He was treated with intravenous branched-chain amino acids, and recovered. Cranial computed tomography on day 9 demonstrated a crescent shaped area of low density in the right frontotempoparietal subdural region. He was diagnosed as chronic subdural hematoma, which was treated surgically. It has been suggested that chronic subdural hematomas develop as a complication of hemostatic deficiency due to liver cirrhosis.
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PMID:[A case of liver cirrhosis associated with chronic subdural hematoma and hepatic encephalopathy]. 174 68

A 29-year-old man who had a taste for peanuts frequently showed abnormal behaviors. Physical examination revealed consciousness disturbance associated with flapping tremor, hypotonus in the extremities, and hypoactive deep tendon reflexes. Laboratory examination showed hyperammonemia with mild liver injury. A level of serum citrulline was 14 times higher than the upper limit of normal. A diagnosis of type 2 citrullinemia (Seheki et al) was established by the decreased argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS) in liver with low amount of ASS protein and normal kinetic properties. Diurnal fluctuation of consciousness level in this patient was not correlated with the concentration of ammonia in serum, but with that in cerebrospinal fluid. Main metabolic pathway of ammonia in brain is considered to be localized in astrocytes which have receptors for glucocorticoids. Glucocorticoids induce additional glutamine synthetase activity. Circadian rhythm of cortisol level might play a role in diurnal fluctuation of consciousness level in patients with citrullinemia.
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PMID:[The correlation of consciousness level and the concentration of CSF ammonia in a patient with adult-type citrullinemia]. 178 64

Thirty patients with persistent chronic daily headache, unresponsive to various combinations of pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatment were selected for an open label study using divalproex sodium. All patients had normal liver function tests. After a baseline observation period of 1 month, patients were given divalproex sodium 1000 to 2000 mg per day, for a period of 3 months. Blood valproic acid levels were kept between 75 and 100 mcg/ml. Liver function studies and blood ammonia levels were obtained periodically. Based on weekly headache index, headache-free days, dysfunctional days and patients' general well-being rating and physicians' global assessment, two thirds of the patients improved significantly. The common side effects included weight gain, tremor, hair loss and nausea. Liver functions were unaffected by treatment. The possible mechanism of action of valproate in headache is discussed. Valproate appears to be a worthwhile addition to the prophylactic treatment of chronic recurrent headache.
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PMID:Valproate in the treatment of persistent chronic daily headache. An open label study. 203 76

Copper phthalocyanine tetrasulphonic acid (CPTS) functions were introduced into magnetic semi-permeable polyethyleneimine (PEI) microcapsules in order to create a recoverable scavenging system for trapping and biomonitoring, within the gastrointestinal cavity, of mutagens having a planar molecular structure. Stable ionic CPTS and covalent (thionylated CPTS, TCPTS) adducts to the microcapsule PEI were produced and shown to trap benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) in vitro in relation to the porphyrin/B[a]P ratio employed. 3-hydroxy B[a]P and B[a]P 3,6-dione from a crude B[a]P metabolite mixture, and a set of planar mutagens from crude opium/morphine pyrolysate mixtures could also be recovered in 7-86% yields after shaking with modified microcapsules followed by methanol/ammonia (50:1) desorption. Tetraols derived from B[a]P 7,8-diol-9,10 epoxide could also be recovered. Modified microcapsules were recovered magnetically from faeces of rats treated with [14C]B[a]P, and 45-51% of trapped radioactivity could be directly desorbed for HPLC assay compared with 30% for unmodified microscapsules. The relative extent of trapping by unmodified or CPTS- or TCPTS-modified microcapsules was different for various substrates, and it appears that the copper phthalocyanine tetrasulphonic acid moiety competes with another unidentified absorption/desorption structure in the microcapsules. These results show that selective and reversible trapping of carcinogens/mutagens having planar molecular structure can be achieved within the gastrointestinal tract.
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PMID:Copper phthalocyanine labelled magnetic microcapsules: preparation, and binding properties in vitro and in vivo for mutagens having planar molecular structure. 222 31


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