Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0040822 (tremor)
 18,428 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

There is a new, potentially fatal disorder that is infrequently reported. The apparent rareness may be because of a lack of recognition of the syndrome or its predisposing factors. Fluoxetine (Prozac, Dista Products Co, Division of Eli Lilly Co, Indianapolis, IN), sertraline (Zoloft, Roerig Division, Pfizer Inc, New York, NY), and paroxetine (Paxil, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, Philadelphia, PA) belong to a new class of antidepressant medication: the serotonin reuptake-inhibitors (SRIs). The relative safety profile of the SRIs has led to their widespread use. However, a syndrome of excessive serotonergic activity, the "serotonin syndrome" (SS), has recently been recognized. It is characterized by changes in mental status, hypertension, restlessness, myoclonus, hyperreflexia, diaphoresis, shivering, and tremor. A high index of suspicion is required to make the diagnosis in these acutely ill patients. The most common agents implicated in SS are the monoamine oxidase inhibitors in combination with L-tryptophan or fluoxetine. A case of a patient with significant peripheral vascular disease who developed SS while taking paroxetine and an over-the-counter cold medicine is reported. There have been no prior reports of this interaction. Discontinuation of the offending agents, sedation, and supportive care are the mainstays of treatment. The interactions of serotonin with platelets and vascular endothelium are also discussed.
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PMID:The serotonin syndrome associated with paroxetine, an over-the-counter cold remedy, and vascular disease. 766 67

Exposure to HBO causes hypothermia, bradycardia, head weaving, resting tremor, piloerection, and straub tail in rats. These physiological and behavioral responses can also be evoked by selective activation of serotonin1A (5-HT1A) receptors. The purpose of the current study was to determine if hypothermia caused by HBO is due to increased activation of 5-HT1A receptors. The levels of brain biogenic amines were measured in brain regions of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats exposed to HBO. Exposure to HBO caused an increase in the levels of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in the striatum (92%, p < 0.05) and occipital-temporal cortex (116%, p < 0.05), but not in other brain regions. Exposure to HBO did not change the levels of tryptophan, serotonin (5-HT), other biogenic amines, or their metabolites. It is hypothesized that the Fawn Hood (FH) rat, which is reported to be resistant to hypothermia induced by 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT), has an abnormality of 5-HT1A receptor activity. Although the FH rat was more resistant to hypothermia induced by HBO than the SD rat, we were not able to confirm that this rat was resistant to hypothermia induced by 8-OH-DPAT. The 5-HT receptor antagonists, 1-(1H-Indol-4-yloxy)-3-[(1-methylethyl)amino]-2-propanol (Pindolol), 1-(2-methoxyphenyl)-4-[4-(2-phthalimido)butyl] piperazine hydrobromide (NAN-190), and methysergide, did not block hypothermia induced by HBO in SD rats. A series of control experiments were used to confirm that the antagonists blocked hypothermia induced by serotonin agonists.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Hypothermia induced by hyperbaric oxygen is not blocked by serotonin antagonists. 844 68

In animals the occurrence of a behavioural syndrome consisting of hyperactivity, stereotyped movements and increase of temperature has been induced by MAOIs, 5-HT precursors (L-tryptophan) and 5-HT reuptake inhibitors. Most of these manifestations were specifically blocked by a pretreatment with an inhibitor of serotonin synthesis. In humans, the association of myoclonus, diarrhea, confusion, hypomania, agitation, hyperreflexia, shivering, incoordination, fever and diaphoresis, when patients are treated with serotoninergic agents, could constitute a "serotonin syndrome". Such cases of serotonin syndrome were reported after treatments with L-tryptophan, MAOIs, serotonin reuptake inhibitors and tricyclics alone or in association. The authors prospectively evaluated all the "serotonin-related" symptoms in 38 depressed inpatients fulfilling DSM III-R criteria of major depression. 16 (42%) out of 38 patients presented at least one symptom of serotonin syndrome. In 14 cases tremor and myoclonus occurred simultaneously and 10 patients presented at the same time tremor, myoclonus, diaphoresis and shivering. Except for two patients, symptoms were transient, lasted less than one week and disappeared with the pursuit of the treatment. Most often, serotonin syndrome thus corresponds to a reaction induced by a combination of serotoninergic agents at high dosages. In very rare cases, a toxic and potentially fatal interaction can occur between MAOIs, tricyclics and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors at therapeutic dosages. Serotonin syndrome also provides an heuristic model of the putative mode of action of antidepressants. Serotonin-related symptoms are the physical and objective expression of the antidepressant-induced increase in serotonin. The specificity of serotonin-related syndrome also needs to be discussed since most of the symptoms, such as tremor and diaphoresis, are not in all cases related to an increase in serotonin.
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PMID:[The serotonin syndrome: review of the literature and description of an original study]. 852 62

The serotonin syndrome is frequently characterized by minor neurologic manifestations that regress rapidly (such as confusion, tremor, ...). Many medications including tricyclic antidepressants, serotonin reuptake inhibitors, tryptophan and the association of monoamine oxidase inhibitors together with a serotoninergic agent have been implicated in this syndrome. In certain cases, and for poorly understood reasons, clinical manifestations can include circulatory collapse, malignant hyperthermia, convulsions and rhabdomyolysis. These forms are often fatal. Treatment, other than the withdrawal of the offending drug, is symptomatic. Dialysis may be of value in withdrawing the drug from the circulatory system. We report a patient with the serotonin syndrome of favorable outcome due to an overdose of moclobemide and clomipramine.
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PMID:Serotonin syndrome due to an overdose of moclobemide and clomipramine. A potentially life-threatening association. 903 53

PVC111, PVC211, PVC321 and PVC441 cause neurological disorders associated with tremor and paralysis in rats. We tested the pathogenicity of these viruses in mice. Although histopathological studies revealed spongiform degeneration in the spinal cords of NFS mice infected with each PVC virus, only PVC441 caused a high incidence of tremor and paralysis. Further studies with PVC441 revealed dose and age dependence for tremor induction. In contrast to NFS mice, BALB/c, DBA/2 and C57BL/6 mice infected with PVC441 virus showed no neurological symptoms, although the virus replicated in each strain to titers within 5-fold of the titer in NFS mice. Despite absence of neurological symptoms, high degree of neuronal degeneration in the lumbar spinal cord was found in PVC441-infected BALB/c mice. Low degree of neuronal degeneration was found in PVC441-infected DBA/2 or C57BL/6 mice. Genetic crosses of these resistant mice with susceptible NFS mice indicated that resistance to PVC441-induced tremor induction was dominant in all strains and suggested that various host genes may control the susceptibility of mice to tremor induction by PVC441 virus. Sequencing of env-LTR region of PVC441 revealed an intermediate character between PVC211 and F-MuLV.
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PMID:Factors affecting induction of neurological disorder in mice by PVC viruses and the sequence of env-LTR region of PVC441. 920 52

The detrusor muscle contains beta-adrenoceptors (beta-AR), and 2 subtypes-beta1-AR and beta2-AR-have been identified in most species. Although beta2-AR has an important role in muscle relaxation via activation of adenylate cyclase, evidence suggests that a third subtype, beta3-AR, which is implicated in metabolic functions of endogenous catecholamines, mediates relaxation of human detrusor muscle. There is a predominant expression of beta3-AR messenger RNA (mRNA) in human bladder tissue, with 97% of total beta-AR mRNA being represented by the beta3-AR subtype and only 1.5% and 1.4% by the beta1-AR and beta2-AR subtypes, respectively. Functionally, selective beta3-AR agonists relax human isolated detrusor, whereas selective beta1-AR/beta2-AR agonists do not. Isoproterenol-induced relaxation is inhibited by selective beta3-AR antagonists but not by selective beta1-AR or beta2-AR antagonists. In animal models, beta3-AR agonists increase bladder capacity and have only weak cardiovascular side effects. Although this evidence points toward the clinical utility of beta3-AR agonists as therapy for overactive bladder, clinical trials of beta3-AR agonists identified in animal models as antiobesity agents indicate side effects of tremor and tachycardia. Development of compounds with high selectivity for the human beta3-AR, identified by screening techniques using cell lines transfected with the human beta1-AR, beta2-AR, and beta3-AR genes, may mitigate such problems. Together with the preliminary finding that 49% (21 of 43) of patients with idiopathic detrusor instability have a tryptophan 64 arginine mutation of the beta3-AR gene, which may be a useful genetic marker, evidence points toward beta3-AR being a therapeutic target for treatment of overactive bladder disorder.
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PMID:Beta3-adrenoceptors in human detrusor muscle. 1200 19

A liquid chromatography method was developed for the determination of antifungal/antimicrobial proteins Rs-AFP1 and Dm-AMP1 in sandy loam soils. The extraction of these highly basic proteins was achieved by mechanical shaking with aqueous Tris buffer pH 9 containing guanidinium thiocyanate salt (4.1 M), EDTA and nonionic polyoxyethylene 20 cetyl ether, Brij-58 detergent. The extracts were cleaned up on Oasis HLB polymer solid-phase extraction cartridges and quantified by liquid chromatography fluorescence detection based on the fluorescence properties of the tryptophan content of these proteins. The detector response was linear for 0.3-10 microg mL(-1). Procedural recoveries were tested in the range 10-100 mg kg(-1). The limit of quantification was 10 mg kg(-1 )protein in the soil sample representing the lowest validated fortification level. The antifungal proteins were found to be stable in soil extract tested up to 9 days when stored at 4 degrees C.
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PMID:Determination of antifungal proteins in soil by liquid chromatography. 1276 64

Hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs) have been characterized in several drug-treated rodent models and in the fetal liver; however, their properties have not been fully clarified in the normal adult liver, presumably because of their relatively small population and the existence of mature hepatocytes. In an attempt to resolve this issue, we developed a new enrichment system for HPCs using their cell aggregate formation properties. Nonparenchymal cells (NPCs) derived from enzymatically digested liver cells in normal adult mouse liver were treated in a hypoxic 2-hour suspension culture under constant shaking. This procedure resulted in cell aggregate formation and almost complete elimination of mature hepatocytes. Cell aggregates were formed only in Ca(2+)-containing medium, suggesting cadherin-dependent cell-cell adhesion. In these cell aggregates, 95% consisted of vascular endothelial cells that expressed VE-cadherin. The remaining 5% consisted of rapidly proliferating, small epithelial cells that expressed alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), E-cadherin, and albumin but not cytokeratin 19 (CK19), alpha-smooth muscle actin, or VE-cadherin. These results are consistent with an immature hepatic cell phenotype. When these immature hepatic cells were cultured with 10(-7) mol/L dexamethasone and 1% dimethyl sulfoxide, the de novo expression of mature hepatocyte markers such as tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase (TO) was induced concomitantly with the induction of morphologic characteristics such as mitochondria- and peroxisome-rich cytoplasm and bile canaliculi formation. In conclusion, our methodology allows the enrichment of immature hepatic cells from the normal adult mouse. These cells are capable of growth and maturation along the hepatocyte lineage, indicating that these cells are HPCs.
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PMID:Enrichment of hepatic progenitor cells from adult mouse liver. 1277 18

Azospirillum brasilense, a nitrogen-fixing bacterium found in the rhizosphere of various grass species, was investigated to establish the effect on plant growth of growth substances produced by the bacteria. Thin-layer chromatography, high-pressure liquid chromatography, and bioassay were used to separate and identify plant growth substances produced by the bacteria in liquid culture. Indole acetic acid and indole lactic acid were produced by A. brasilense from tryptophan. Indole acetic acid production increased with increasing tryptophan concentration from 1 to 100 mug/ml. Indole acetic acid concentration also increased with the age of the culture until bacteria reached the stationary phase. Shaking favored the production of indole acetic acid, especially in a medium containing nitrogen. A small but biologically significant amount of gibberellin was detected in the culture medium. Also at least three cytokinin-like substances, equivalent to about 0.001 mug of kinetin per ml, were present. The morphology of pearl millet roots changed when plants in solution culture were inoculated. The number of lateral roots was increased, and all lateral roots were densely covered with root hairs. Experiments with pure plant hormones showed that gibberellin causes increased production of lateral roots. Cytokinin stimulated root hair formation, but reduced lateral root production and elongation of the main root. Combinations of indole acetic acid, gibberellin, and kinetin produced changes in root morphology of pearl millet similar to those produced by inoculation with A. brasilense.
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PMID:Plant Growth Substances Produced by Azospirillum brasilense and Their Effect on the Growth of Pearl Millet (Pennisetum americanum L.). 1634 72

Conditions for the production of tryptophanase from Achromobacter liquidum and for the conversion of l-serine and indole to l-tryptophan were studied. The enzyme could be produced in amounts as great as 0.750 U/ml (degradation) and 0.294 U/ml (synthesis) by shaking cultures at 30 degrees C in a medium containing dextrin, yeast extract, l-tryptophan, and l-glutamic acid. l-Tryptophan was produced most efficiently by shaking the cells at 37 degrees C in a reaction mixture containing 60 mg of l-serine per ml, 60 mg of indole per ml, and 0.5 mM pyridoxal phosphate. After 3 days, 96 mg of l-tryptophan per ml was formed, and l-tryptophan was easily isolated to 85.4% yield by concentration of the reaction mixture.
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PMID:l-Tryptophan Production by Achromobacter liquidum. 1634 31


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