Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0040822 (tremor)
 18,428 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

7 alpha-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.159) production by Escherichia coli strain 080 was highest when the organism was grown in brain heart infusion broth at pH 6.5 for 72-96 h with shaking at 37 degrees C. The oxygen consumption rate had a strong effect on the production of this constitutive enzyme. Glucose and lactose at 0.2-0.4%, detergents, and ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid were found to increase the enzyme production.
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PMID:Optimization of 7 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase production by Escherichia coli 080. 225 13

A comparison was made of the spontaneous nociceptive behaviors elicited by s.c. injection into the rat hind paw of the following 8 irritants: acetic acid, carrageenan, formalin, kaolin, platelet-activating factor, mustard oil (given topically), serotonin, and yeast. Two distinct quantifiable behaviors indicative of pain were identified: flinching/shaking of the paw and hindquarters and licking/biting of the injected paw. These behaviors were prolonged and intense after formalin and acetic acid. Formalin-induced flinching was biphasic across time, a finding potentially useful for the study of both acute and tonic pain. Of the remaining test agents, only yeast caused significant spontaneous behavioral activity, which was of low intensity but long duration. Different time-courses for nociceptive behavior and development of edema were demonstrated for formalin, acetic acid and yeast. It is therefore unlikely that these endpoints are causally related. Overall, the present data strongly support the use of formalin as a noxious stimulus in tonic pain research.
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PMID:The rat paw formalin test: comparison of noxious agents. 230 68

Rat pups were injected intracisternally (i.c.) or intraperitoneally (i.p.) with 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) or saline and challenged 2 and 14 weeks later with the 5-HT precursor 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), which evokes behavioral supersensitivity in adult rats, 5,7-DHT induced transient postinjection convulsions in rats injected i.c. but not i.p. Rats with either type of 5,7-DHT lesions displayed supersensitive behavioral responses to 5-HTP. However, rats lesioned by i.p. injections exhibited significantly greater shaking behavior (+1445%) in response to 5-HTP than their i.c. counterparts, who instead showed more forepaw myoclonus (+250%) and head weaving (+270%), the core features of the 5-HT syndrome. Differences in 5-HT syndrome behaviors were already present 2 weeks after lesioning, whereas the difference in shaking behavior was not. After 14 weeks, 5-HT was selectively depleted (-43 to -92%) in hippocampus, spinal cord, and frontal cortex, and differences between i.c. and i.p. 5,7-DHT routes were insignificant except in frontal cortex. Brainstem 5-HT concentrations were significantly increased (+35%) after i.p. 5,7-DHT injections in contrast to reduction (-89%) after i.c. 5,7-DHT; 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid/5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HIAA/5-HT) ratios were decreased (-20%) with either route. These data suggest that brainstem 5-HT hyperinnervation following i.p. 5,7-DHT injection modifies the functional consequences of injury in abating the 5-HT syndrome, but does not result in complete recovery since shaking behavior is enhanced. Loss of presynaptically mediated autoregulation or receptor dysregulation may play a major role in behavioral supersensitivity induced by 5-HTP in rats with 5,7-DHT lesions. To the extent that the 5-HT syndrome is mediated by 5-HT1A receptors and shaking behavior by 5-HT2 sites, differential responses to injury of 5-HT1A and 5-HT2 receptors may contribute to these behavioral differences.
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PMID:Brainstem serotonergic hyperinnervation modifies behavioral supersensitivity to 5-hydroxytryptophan in the rat. 258 10

The method proposed is based on a gradual fixation, and short-term hydration before softening and on a new technique of chromosome preparation. The latter is based on the sample softening in 60% acetic acid directly on the slide, its gentle shaking and spot-blotting, a careful spreading of the cell suspension on slide surface avoiding the usage of micropipets and other handlings causing metaphase plate breakage. The method provides a highly efficient karyotyping of human embryos within the 7-12th weeks of gestation.
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PMID:[A method of shaking-blotting--a simple and reliable means for obtaining direct chromosomal preparations from chorionic biopsies]. 273 54

Effects of 1-(2-ethoxyethyl)-2-(4-methyl-1-homopiperazinyl)benzimidazole difumarate (KB-2413) on the central nervous system were compared with those of ketotifen and chlorpheniramine. Among the various activities related to the central nervous system, KB-2413 showed inhibitory effects on locomotor activity, acetic acid-induced writhing in mice and reserpine-induced hypothermia in rats at a high dose such as 100 mg/kg p.o. However, in mice, it (10-100 mg/kg p.o.) exerted no significant influence on muscle tone, various experimental convulsions, oxotremorine-induced tremor, physostigmine-induced mortality or hexobarbital-induced sleep, and in rats, it had no effect on rectal temperature or conditioned avoidance. It also did not affect spontaneous electroencephalogram (EEG), EEG arousal responses or photic driving response in rabbits at 5 mg/kg i.v. On the other hand, ketotifen and chlorpheniramine affected more widely and strongly the central nervous system than KB-2413. In conclusion, KB-2413 showed a less potent effect on the central nervous system than ketotifen and chlorpheniramine, and no results suggested serious side effects of KB-2413.
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PMID:General pharmacology of 1-(2-ethoxyethyl)-2-(4-methyl-1-homopiperazinyl)benzimidazole difumarate. 1st communication: effects on the central nervous system. 289 9

A liquid chromatographic (LC) method for determining furazolidone in finished feeds and premixes was collaboratively studied. Finished feed sample is extracted with acetone-water (93 + 7) on a Goldfisch apparatus, extracting solvent is removed, and the residual material is dissolved in warm DMF. A solution of tetraethylammonium bromide is added, the fat layer is removed, and the sample is clarified by filtration and injected onto a reverse phase LC system with detection at 365 nm. Premixes, extracted by shaking with DMF and diluted so that the final furazolidone concentration is about 55 micrograms/mL, are chromatographed and detected the same as finished feed samples, using a mobile phase of acetonitrile-2% acetic acid (20 + 80). Ten commercial feed samples were preweighed and supplied to 14 collaborators. The 5 matched pairs were chosen to represent the following allowed levels: 0.0055, 0.022, 0.033, 2.2, and 22%. Two familiarization samples at the 0.0055 and 11% levels were also supplied. Instructions called for a single analysis of each sample. Two results were eliminated by the Dixon test. The coefficients of variation, following treatment by the ranking test, ranged from 2.0 at the 22% level to 6.5 at the 0.0055% level. Calculated F-values are not significant (P greater than 0.01) except for the 0.0055% level samples extracted overnight. This method has been adopted official first action.
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PMID:Liquid chromatographic method for determination of furazolidone in premixes and complete feeds: collaborative study. 405 21

Previous workers from this laboratory observed considerable variation in the proportions of acetic and lactic acids produced in pure broth culture as compared to consistently high proportions of acetic acid produced in the sourdough and flour suspension systems. In the latter the proportion of acetic acid was always in the range of 20 to 35% of the total, whereas in pure broth culture frequently less than 5% acetic acid was produced. In the natural environment, the sourdough bacteria, tentatively identified as lactobacilli, coexist with a yeast, Saccharomyces exiguus, and this study was undertaken to determine whether this yeast or flour ingredients including glucose or other factors were involved in this variable production of acetic acid. The proportion of acetic acid produced in broth culture on maltose, the preferred carbohydrate source, was found to depend almost entirely on the degree of aeration. Essentially anaerobic conditions, as obtained by thorough evacuation and flushing with CO(2) or N(2), resulted in very low (5% or less) proportions of acetic acid. Aerobic conditions, achieved by continuous shaking in cotton-plugged flasks, yielded high levels (23 to 39% of the total) of acetic acid. Similar effects of aeration were observed with glucose as the substrate, although growth was considerably slower, or in nonsterile flour suspension systems. It is theorized that, under aerobic conditions, the reduced pyridine nucleotides generated in the dissimilation of carbohydrate are oxidized directly by molecular oxygen, thereby becoming unavailable for the reduction of the acetyl phosphate intermediate to ethyl alcohol, the usual product of anaerobic dissimilation of glucose by heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria. Comparative studies with known strains of homo- and heterofermentative lactobacilli showed similar effects of aeration only on the heterofermentative strains, lending additional support to the tentative grouping by previous workers from this laboratory of the sourdough bacteria with the heterofermentative lactobacilli.
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PMID:Factors affecting organic acid production by sourdough (San Francisco) bacteria. 504 65

Aqueous acetic acid was used to fix and store specimens of tissue prior to dissociation into nuclear suspensions for flow cytometric quantitation of DNA. The optimum concentration was 20 volumes of glacial acetic acid in 80 volumes of distilled water. Both neoplastic and benign nuclei were easily released from the fixed tissue blocks by slicing and shaking. Residual undissociated tissue was suitable for microscopic examination to confirm its identity. The nuclei fluoresced brightly after staining with propidium iodide, and yielded histograms similar to those from unfixed samples. Acetic-acid fixation resulted in slightly broader G1 and G0 peaks in the DNA histograms in comparison to unfixed cells, but fluorescent debris was less and correlation between the flow cytometric S-phase fraction (SPF) and in vitro thymidine labelling index (TLI) was better than with unfixed cells. Twenty-one of thirty-nine acetic-acid-fixed breast carcinomas had DNA indices in excess of 1.0 (increased nuclear DNA content in comparison to benign cells), and eighteen had DNA indices of 1.0 (normal or near-normal). The SPF was usually in excess of the TLI, but the two were significantly correlated (r = 0.72, P less than 0.0001). However, a significant correlation of SPF with TLI held only for the group with DNA index greater than 1.0. DNA indices greater than 1.0 were associated with high SPF and TLI, and high SPF and TLI each associated with low content of estrogen receptor.
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PMID:DNA flow cytometry of breast carcinoma after acetic-acid fixation. 669 73

Sulfonamide drugs are extracted from feed and feed premixes by shaking with 0.15N HCl in 25% methanol. The extract is diluted, clarified, and chromatographed on a reverse phase C18 column. Mobile phases used are methanol-2% acetic acid (35 + 65) and acetonitrile-2% acetic acid (18 + 82) for sulfamethazine (SMT) and sulfathiazole (STZ), respectively. A solution of dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (DMAB) is added to the column eluate and the resulting sulfonamide-DMAB complex is detected at 450 nm. The method was tested for linearity, recovery, and precision across a broad sample range. Recovery was 100.6 +/- 2.3% and 96.3 +/- 1.6% for STZ and SMT, respectively. Linearity was excellent (r2 = 0.9985 for STZ and r2 = 0.9996 for SMT) as was within-day precision (RSD = 2.00% for STZ and 1.52% for SMT). The method was compared with the Bratton-Marshall colorimetric method. Analysis of 14 STZ and 15 SMT samples failed to detect any bias between the 2 methods. Some practical aspects of the use of this technique are discussed.
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PMID:Use of post-column derivatization in liquid chromatographic determination of sulfamethazine and sulfathiazole in feeds and feed premixes. 711 88

Furazolidone is separated from finished feeds by acetone-water extraction on a Goldfisch apparatus. Extracting solvent is removed, and the residue is dissolved in dimethylformamide-5% tetraethylammonium bromide (1 +1), clarified, and chromatographed on a reverse phase C1 column. The mobile phase is CH3CN-2% acetic acid (20 + 80) with detection at 365 nm. The method was tested for linearity, recovery, and ruggedness, and compared with the AOAC colorimetric assay by using field samples containing 0.0055-0.055% furazolidone. Precision data suggest a cumulative relative standard deviation of 1.43% within days and 1.78% between days. The ruggedness test predicts a between-laboratory relative standard deviation of 3.67%. Recovery was 97.5 +/- 2.0% and linearity was excellent (r2 = 0.9994) up to 0.06% furazolidone. Premixes are extracted by shaking with dimethylformamide. An aliquot of the extract is diluted (1 + 1) with 5% tetraethylammonium bromide, clarified, and chromatographed.
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PMID:High performance liquid chromatographic determination of furazolidone in feed and feed premixes. 728 7


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