Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0040822 (tremor)
 18,428 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The acute effects of alcohol on spontaneous locomotor activity in male Swiss mice were studied at various times after an IP injection of 2 g/kg ethanol. Subjects were placed alone in a novel arena and videotape recordings were made of behaviour: trials were of 500-s duration and commenced at either 30, 60, 120, or 180 min after alcohol administration. Measures of behaviour included various indices of ambulation and immobility, together with a more detailed ethological analysis of the frequencies of all other acts and postures shown by test animals. Ambulation showed a biphasic response to alcohol treatment, consisting of an initial stimulation followed by a suppression after 3 h. Immobility was also increased by alcohol, and showed peak stimulation in trials commencing 30 min after administration: thereafter there was a progressive return to baseline levels. Many behavioural elements were suppressed including rearing, digging, shaking, and abbreviated grooming. Ethanol thus appeared to produce two distinct types of depression, in terms of increased immobility (and suppression of other behaviour) and in terms of decreased ambulation, the latter occurring when immobility had returned to baseline levels.
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PMID:Time course of the locomotor stimulant and depressant effects of a single low dose of ethanol in mice. 392 Jun 99

Tremor in rats withdrawn from repeated ethanol administration was analyzed using an electronic device. The ethanol withdrawal tremor appeared in bursts during the first and second day of withdrawal and subsided at the third day of withdrawal. The frequency analysis showed that the mean frequency of withdrawal tremor was 6-7 Hz during the 48 hr observation period used. The frequency spectra of tremor induced by physostigmine (0.7 or 0.9 mg/kg) in control rats revealed that the tremoring frequency encompassed only a narrow peak, which temporarily decreased from 13 Hz to 11 Hz during the tremoring period. Arecoline (25 mg/kg) also induced tremor with a peak frequency at 13 Hz, but this tremor did not show any temporary decrease in peak frequency. The frequency analysis of tremor in ethanol withdrawn rats treated with physostigmine showed that the rats trembled at two frequencies, 6-7 Hz and 13 Hz. These two frequencies, each characteristic for one of the treatments, remained separate during the 48 hr observation period. As these two tremors did not interact with each other, it is suggested that these tremors are mediated by different mechanisms in the central nervous system. Thus it seems unlikely that the central muscarinic cholinergic system is involved in the genesis of tremor during ethanol withdrawal.
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PMID:Ethanol withdrawal tremor does not interact with physostigmine-induced tremor in rat. 404 28

Toxicological testing of vaginal irritants currently involves in vivo testing in rabbits. While chemical-induced irritation or inflammation involves numerous biologic responses, these responses appear to be to a large extent mediated by prostaglandin release. Since vaginal tissue of the rat produces prostaglandins, this tissue was studied in vitro to determine if it would respond to ethanol, a mild irritant. Small vaginal segments were rinsed in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer (pH 7.0) and exposed to various concentrations of ethanol. The segments were then transferred to fresh buffer and incubated for 30 min in a shaking 37 degrees C water bath. Ethanol (70%) exposure for 30 sec increased prostaglandin E2 and F2 alpha production by vaginal tissue. While ethanol exposure resulted in increases in prostaglandin production regardless of the stage of the cycle from which the tissue was derived, the relative increase was greatest in tissues from the diestrous stage of the cycle. The prostaglandin production response of vaginal tissue, and of cervical and uterine tissue, was related to the concentration of ethanol to which these tissues were exposed. Indomethacin blocked this response in a dose-dependent manner. These experiments demonstrate that vaginal tissue responds to ethanol by increasing production of PGF2 alpha and PGE2. This in vitro system may prove useful as an alternative to live-animal testing in the screening of irritants of the vaginal mucosa or other tissues as well.
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PMID:Prostaglandin production by rat vaginal tissue, in vitro, in response to ethanol, a mild mucosal irritant. 404 94

The administration of p-chlorophenylalanine to mice prevents the rise in brain 5-hydroxytryptamine concentration associated with ethanol withdrawal but does not affect the increase in brain catecholamines which occurs at the same time. The locomotor excitement, piloerection, tremor and handling convulsions which occur during ethanol withdrawal were not affected. These results suggest that the increase in brain 5-hydroxytryptamine which occurs in ethanol withdrawal is a consequence of increased 5-hydroxytryptamine synthesis and that it is probably not involved in the above behavioural changes of ethanol withdrawal.
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PMID:Effect of p-chlorophenylalanine on brain monoamines and behaviour during ethanol withdrawal in mice. 428 35

The oxy-form of sickle hemoglobin (Hb S) is abnormally unstable and precipitates at a 10-fold faster rate than does oxyhemoglobin A (oxy-Hb A) during mechanical shaking. The apparent rate of precipitation of heterozygous hemolysate (AS) is approximately half that of oxy-Hb S. The deoxy-form of Hb S, on the other hand, is resistant to the mechanical treatment. This stabilization is attributed to the conformational change of hemoglobin rather than the lack of oxygen, because carbonmonoxide hemoglobin S, which is known to have conformational properties similar to those of oxy-Hb, is unstable even under anaerobic conditions. Methemoglobin S is most unstable, although addition of cyanide stabilizes the protein. The precipitation of oxy-Hb S is inhibited by ethanol and other organic solvents. The relationship of the mechanical instability of sickle oxyhemoglobin to intraerythrocytic denaturation and vaso-occlusive phenomena in sickle cell disease to be determined.
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PMID:Abnormal precipitation of oxyhemoglobin S by mechanical shaking. 452 7

A series of phenylethanolamine derivatives were examined with respect to their bronchospasmolytic effect and their ability to depress the contractions of the soleus muscle in cat and guinea-pig. One group of compounds including D2343 (1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-[1,1-dimethyl-3-(2-methoxyphenyl) propylamino]-ethanol HCl), a new beta 2-adrenoceptor agonist, appeared to be more effective in combating bronchospasm induced by histamine than in depressing the contractions of the soleus muscle in anaesthetized cat. This difference disappeared when serotonin was used to induce bronchospasm. Terbutaline antagonized histamine and serotonin equally well. Experiments in vivo and in vitro with guinea-pigs gave ambiguous results. Slowly developing effects was a common feature of the compounds showing the apparent effect separation. None of the available beta-adrenoceptor agonists appears to distinguish between the adrenoceptors in the airway smooth muscle mediating bronchial relaxation and those in the skeletal muscle associated with tremor.
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PMID:Some problems encountered in the evaluation of new bronchodilating beta-adrenoceptor agonists. 612 71

The benzodiazepines are the most effective, safest, and most widely used antianxiety drugs. As a class of drugs, there are few major differences between the various benzodiazepine derivatives. The main distinguishing features are different plasma half-lives and the presence or absence of pharmacologically active metabolites. Plasma half-lives vary considerably, from 2 to 3 hours to more than 100 hours. All benzodiazepines are equally effective in the short term management of anxiety and insomnia, and their classification into 'anxiolytics' and 'hypnotics' is not justified. There are numerous other indications for benzodiazepine use, such as muscle spasm in osteoarthritic conditions, and acute alcohol withdrawal, but the benzodiazepines have no antidepressive or analgesic effects. While there is no good evidence for their long term efficacy in the treatment of anxiety and insomnia, the benzodiazepines are more effective and safer than their main predecessors, the barbiturates. Some of the benzodiazepines, particularly those with long plasma half-lives which are commonly used as hypnotics, have a prolonged duration of action and cause marked 'hang-over' effects. Alcohol enhances the effects of these drugs, and thus can also increase their side effects. Adversely effects such as oversedation, tremor, ataxia and confusion are much more common in elderly patients. Ever since the benzodiazepines were first marketed 20 years ago their use has increased rapidly, and it is now estimated that between 12 and 16% of the adult population in developed countries use tranquillisers at some time each year. However, their overall use has probably diminished somewhat in the last few years. Although their indications are very common, it is possible that some of this extensive usage may be the result of dependence. Until recently, published reports of such dependence were comparatively few. However, withdrawal symptoms have now been demonstrated in a substantial proportion of patients on long term, normal dose benzodiazepine treatment. The abstinence syndrome usually lasts for 8 to 10 days, and is characterised by insomnia, anxiety, loss of appetite and bodyweight, tremor, perspiration, and a host of perceptual disturbances. More serious developments such as epileptic fits and psychosis are probably infrequent during withdrawal from therapeutic doses. The overall incidence of benzodiazepine dependence remains unknown.
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PMID:Rational use of anxiolytic/sedative drugs. 613 9

Ethanol (2.0-5.0 g/kg, IP) caused a dose-related impairment of the aerial righting reflex of mice 60 min after injection. Ethanol (3.5 g/kg, IP) given simultaneously with neurotensin (30 micrograms, IC), bombesin (30 micrograms, IC) or beta-endorphin (20 micrograms, IC) caused a greater impairment of the reflex than ethanol alone. Simultaneous treatment with ethanol (4.0 g/kg, IP) and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH, 3.0-30 micrograms, IC) caused less impairment of this measure than ethanol alone. None of the peptides altered the height of aerial righting when administered alone, or when administered with ethanol no peptide altered blood or brain ethanol content. Unexpectedly, TRH (20 and 40 mg/kg, IP) potentiated the action of ethanol by increasing punished licking in water-deprived rats, rather than antagonizing this acute action of ethanol. Like ethanol (1.0 and 2.0 g/kg, IP), beta-endorphin (100 micrograms, IC) suppressed ethanol-withdrawal tremor and audiogenic-seizure susceptibility in ethanol-dependent rats. beta-Endorphin (1 microgram) and bombesin (10 and 30 micrograms, IC) reduced only audiogenic-seizure susceptibility. TRH (10-100 micrograms, IC, or 1-40 mg/kg, IV) and neurotensin (10-100 micrograms, IC) had no effect on these ethanol-withdrawal signs. These findings suggest that centrally active peptides may play a role in certain acute and chronic actions of ethanol. Because TRH, neurotensin, bombesin and beta-endorphin do not alter all actions of ethanol in the same way, an interaction of ethanol with many functionally independent neuronal circuits is suggested.
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PMID:Modification of the actions of ethanol by centrally active peptides. 626 62

Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of C-terminal octapeptide of cholecystokinin (CCK-8) in rats prolonged pentobarbital- and ethanol-induced sleeping time, but non-sulfated CCD-8 (CCK-8-NS) had no effect and caerulein showed a tendency to prolong the pentobarbital narcosis. On the other hand, i.c.v. injection of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) shortened the sleeping time and the effect of CCK-8 was apparently antagonized by combined administration of TRH. Spontaneous locomotor activity in the late morning and early afternoon was not affected by CCK-8, but it increased following i.c.v. injection of CCK-8-NS. Hyperactivity produced by TRH and methamphetamine was suppressed by i.c.v. injection of CCK-8, while CCK-8-NS showed a tendency to enhance the methamphetamine-induced hyperactivity and caerulein had no effect. These results indicate that CCK-8 has a sedative action and antagonizes the behavioral excitation caused by TRH and methamphetamine, but that the effects of CCK-8-NS and caerulein were rather the opposite of those of CCK-8. In an additional experiment the TRH-induced body shaking response was not affected by combined administration of CCK-8.
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PMID:Sedative action of cholecystokinin octapeptide on behavioral excitation by thyrotropin releasing hormone and methamphetamine in the rat. 628 7

Intraperitoneal injection of ethanol (1-2 g/kg) and chlordiazepoxide (2-16 mg/kg) suppressed susceptibility to audiogenically induced, clonic-tonic seizures and antagonized forelimb tremor in rats undergoing ethanol withdrawal, 30 min after treatment. However, a smaller dose of ethanol (0.5 g/kg) actually increased clonic seizure frequency, suggesting that ethanol exerts a biphasic proconvulsant/anticonvulsant action. Direct activation of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors by intracisternal administration of GABA (100-1000 micrograms), muscimol (0.3-1.0 micrograms) or 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo[5,4-c]pyridin-3-ol (THIP) (0.3-3.0 micrograms) 5 to 10 min before testing also reduced susceptibility to audiogenic clonic-tonic seizures. In sharp contrast to these anticonvulsant actions, GABA, muscimol and THIP had no effect on withdrawal-induced forelimb tremors. Blockade of GABA uptake with 1-2,4-diaminobutyric acid (300 and 600 mg/kg i.p.) and inhibition of GABA transaminase with aminooxyacetic acid (12.5 and 25.0 mg/kg i.p.) both reduced susceptibility to seizures. However, anticonvulsant doses of these two drugs, unlike GABA, muscimol and THIP, also reduced forelimb tremor. Three other GABA transaminase inhibitors, gamma-vinyl GABA (450 and 900 mg/kg i.p.), gamma-acetylenic GABA (50-150 mg/kg i.p.) and ethanolamine-O-sulfate (250-750 mg/kg i.p.), were inactive against ethanol withdrawal audiogenic seizures and forelimb tremors. These results indicate that direct GABA receptor activation can selectively suppress one type of ethanol withdrawal response (i.e., audiogenic seizure susceptibility) while failing to influence another (forelimb tremors).
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PMID:Differential sensitivity of ethanol withdrawal signs in the rat to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)mimetics: blockade of audiogenic seizures but not forelimb tremors. 631 80


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