Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0040822 (tremor)
 18,428 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Both hypoglycaemia and alcohol consumption affect cognitive function but it is unclear whether moderate drinking alters awareness of hypoglycaemia. We have examined this in a single blind randomised hyperinsulinaemic clamp study in eight non-diabetic subjects and seven Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients. After 30 min of euglycaemia (blood glucose 4.5 mmol/l) subjects drank either 0.75 g/kg ethanol or a placebo drink after which blood glucose was lowered to 2.5 mmol/l for 40 min. Awareness of hypoglycaemia, reaction time and physiological responses were measured before and after ethanol. At a blood glucose concentration of 4.5 mmol/l, ethanol (producing peak blood levels of 20-25 mmol/l) caused a transient increase in systolic blood pressure (p less than 0.05), a sustained increase in heart rate (p less than 0.01) and a slowing of reaction time in both normal subjects and diabetic patients. During hypoglycaemia in both groups, the slowing of reaction time and increase in sweating were more marked after ethanol than placebo (both p less than 0.05), while the increase in finger tremor (p less than 0.05) was blunted after ethanol, in both groups. Counter regulatory hormone secretion was not affected by ethanol. Despite increases in symptoms during hypoglycaemia, only 2 of 15 individuals "felt hypoglycaemic" after ethanol compared to 11 out of 15 after placebo. We conclude that after moderate drinking non-diabetic subjects and Type 1 diabetic patients are less aware of hypoglycaemia despite exaggerated physiological changes.
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PMID:Alcohol causes hypoglycaemic unawareness in healthy volunteers and patients with type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes. 234 35

The yeast-mycelium dimorphism of the genus Benjaminiella poitrasii has been investigated. To understand the mechanism of dimorphism two stable yeast-phase mutants (Y-1 & Y-2) and one slow growing mycelial mutant (M-1) of B. poitrasii were isolated after NTG treatment of parent strain spores and studied for their biochemical characteristics. Effects of (i) kind and concentration of carbon source, (ii) presence of complex organic nitrogen and (iii) C:N ratio in the growth medium on the morphology of parent and mutant strains were carried out at 28 degrees C under shaking conditions. Ethanol induced morphological change and its reversal were studied in all the strains in order to elucidate the possible mechanism of morphogenesis.
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PMID:Dimorphism of Benjaminiella poitrasii: isolation and biochemical studies of morphological mutants. 237 10

A simple fluorometric method suitable for serial determinations is reported for simultaneous determination of vitamins A and E in serum. The solvents are pretreated chemically and by distillation. After shaking with ascorbic acid in ethanol, the vitamins are extracted from the serum samples with petroleum ether. The extract is used for the determination. The sensitivity of the method is 20 micrograms/100 ml for vitamin A and 0.04 micrograms/ml for vitamin E. Recovery rates are between 87 and 106%. The method was tested on a total of 160 serum samples of healthy animals belonging to 8 different species. The results showed good agreement with the so-called reference values published in the literature.
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PMID:Simultaneous fluorometric determination of vitamins A and E in serum. 262 97

The ergogenic potential of drugs used by athletes to enhance performance is reviewed, and areas of involvement for pharmacists interested in the problem of drug abuse in athletics are described. Athletes use drugs for therapeutic and recreational purposes, as supposed ergogenic aids, and to mask the presence of other drugs during testing. Because many athletes train for competition and not for health, they may view the risk-to-benefit ratio of ergogenic drugs as favorable and may begin using them at an early age. Alcohol is the drug most commonly used by student athletes. Although alcohol has no ergogenic benefit, it is viewed as a caloric source and an anxiolytic. Amphetamines do not prevent exhaustion but may mask fatigue, which can have dangerous consequences. Anabolic steroids appear to increase strength but frequently cause adverse reactions, primarily involving the hepatic and endocrine systems. Beta-blocking agents have been shown to reduce anxiety, hand tremor, and heart rate in precision sports like archery, but susceptible persons may experience serious adverse effects. Caffeine improves the efficiency of fuel use and reduces fatigue; its use has been banned by several athletic organizations. Neither cocaine nor marijuana causes any increase in strength. Secretion of human growth hormone may be stimulated by a variety of agents, but evidence that any subsequent increases in size and weight occur is lacking. Other substances tried by athletes include vitamins and minerals, naloxone, albuterol, and human recombinant erythropoietin. Opportunities in sports pharmacy exists in the areas of information retrieval and interpretation, drug testing, legislation to reclassify drugs, education, and research.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Abuse of drugs used to enhance athletic performance. 268 62

The tremorogenic effect of nicotine was studied in control rats and in rats withdrawn for 16-48 h from six to nine days' ethanol administration. The frequency and the intensity of tremor were measured electronically. A single dose of nicotine 5 mg/kg caused shortlasting (2-3 min) convulsions within 1 min after injection in control rats. Tremor occurred first after five repeated injections of nicotine (5 mg/kg) at half-hour intervals. This tremor encompassed peak frequencies of 6, 10 and 15 Hz. Hexamethonium at a dose of 10 mg/kg did not inhibit the tremor but eliminated the highest peak frequency (15 Hz) and tended to increase the intensity. Propranolol 5 mg/kg completely abolished the nicotine-induced tremor in control rats. Rats withdrawn from repeated ethanol administration showed a marked hypersensitivity to the tremorogenic action of nicotine so that a single dose of 1 mg/kg of nicotine caused clear tremor. The frequency spectra of this tremor showed peak frequencies at 6, 10 and 12 Hz. Hexamethonium did not change these frequencies. Furthermore, it tended to increase the intensity of nicotine-induced tremor in ethanol-withdrawn rats. Propranolol did not inhibit the tremor although it eliminated the 12 Hz peak frequency. The results suggest that the hypersensitivity to the tremorogenic action of nicotine in ethanol-withdrawn rats is not mediated by a sympathetic beta-adrenergic mechanism.
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PMID:Ethanol withdrawal tremor potentiates the tremorogenic action of nicotine. 286 86

The effect of the thromboxane (Tx) A2-receptor antagonists SQ 28,668 and SQ 30,741 on platelet function and renal artery thrombosis was studied in the dialurethane-anesthetized cynomolgus monkey. Both antagonists competitively inhibited the aggregation of platelet rich plasma in vitro to arachidonic acid and U-46,619, a Tx-mimetic. SQ 30,741 was 4 to 7 times more potent than SQ 28,668 against either of these agonists. Thrombotic cyclical blood flow reductions (CFRs) were elicited by placing a critical stenosis at a crush injury site on the left renal artery. After allowing 10 consecutive CFRs, of which 95% required shaking of the vessel to restore flow, a single i.v. injection of either SQ 28,668 (1 mg/kg, n = 6), SQ 30,741 (1 mg/kg, n = 8) or vehicle (2 ml of 0.2% Na2CO3 + 10% ethanol, n = 4) was administered. Antithrombotic activity was defined as the spontaneous restoration of flow and was accompanied by a reduction in the rate of flow decline during the CFRs. Spontaneous flow restoration was observed in animals treated with SQ 28,668 (five of six) and SQ 30,741 (six of eight) but not vehicle (zero of four). The rate of flow decline was reduced only with SQ 28,668 (56 +/- 8%) and SQ 30,741 (53 +/- 10%) treatments. The antithrombotic activities of SQ 28,668 and SQ 30,741 lasted 68 +/- 6 and 224 +/- 21 min, respectively. The threshold antithrombotic dose was found to be lower for SQ 30,741 (0.20 +/- 0.03 mg/kg) than SQ 28,668 (0.61 +/- 0.09 mg/kg) in additional experiments.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Effect of thromboxane receptor antagonists on renal artery thrombosis in the cynomolgus monkey. 296 Jul 94

Ethanol, a highly lipid-soluble compound, appears to exert its effects through interactions with the cell membrane. Cell membrane alterations indirectly affect the functioning of membrane-associated proteins, which function as channels, carriers, enzymes and receptors. For example, studies suggest that ethanol exerts an effect upon the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-benzodiazepine-chloride ionophore receptor complex, thereby accounting for the biochemical and clinical similarities between ethanol, benzodiazepines and barbiturates. The patient with acute ethanol poisoning may present with symptoms ranging from slurred speech, ataxia and incoordination to coma, potentially resulting in respiratory depression and death. At blood alcohol concentrations of greater than 250 mg% (250 mg% = 250 mg/dl = 2.5 g/L = 0.250%), the patient is usually at risk of coma. Children and alcohol-naive adults may experience severe toxicity at blood alcohol concentrations less than 100 mg%, whereas alcoholics may demonstrate significant impairment only at concentrations greater than 300 mg%. Upon presentation of a patient suspected of acute ethanol poisoning, cardiovascular and respiratory stabilisation should be assured. Thiamine (vitamin B1) and then dextrose should be administered, and the blood alcohol concentration measured. Subsequent to stabilisation, alternative aetiologies for the signs and symptoms observed should be considered. There are presently no agents available for clinical use that will reverse the acute effects of ethanol. Treatment consists of supportive care and close observation until the blood alcohol concentration decreases to a non-toxic level. In the non-dependent adult, ethanol is metabolised at the rate of approximately 15 mg%/hour. Haemodialysis may be considered in cases of a severely ill child or comatose adult. Follow-up may include referral for counselling for alcohol abuse, suicide attempts, or parental neglect (in children). The ethanol withdrawal syndrome may be observed in the ethanol-dependent patient within 8 hours of the last drink, with blood alcohol concentrations in excess of 200 mg%. Symptoms consist of tremor, nausea and vomiting, increased blood pressure and heart rate, paroxysmal sweats, depression, and anxiety. Alterations in the GABA-benzodiazepine-chloride receptor complex, noradrenergic overactivity, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis stimulation are suggested explanations for withdrawal symptomatology.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Acute ethanol poisoning and the ethanol withdrawal syndrome. 304 Dec 44

Disturbances of movement and other motor functions can result from exposure to toxicants and drugs. Sometimes, as with acute exposure to ethanol or solvents, these effects disappear when exposure ends. Other times, as with manganese, haloperidol, or chronic ethanol, motor disturbances are irreversible and may even lie undetected until after exposure has ended. Motor disturbances can take on many guises, including tremor, difficulty in positioning, fatigue, or rigidity. Techniques for measuring these different endpoints in primates will be addressed. One preparation that enables the simultaneous monitoring of positioning, tremor, and operant behavior in nonhuman primates is described, and tactics for obtaining spectral estimates of tremor from a positioning task are outlined. The spectra obtained from this preparation are reliable and valid: they are stable over a period of a year, they correspond to spectra obtained from accelerometers, and are altered by acute administration of ethanol or oxotremorine. These two drugs had opposite effects on tremor but affected bar positioning in a similar manner.
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PMID:Quantification of motor function in toxicology. 314 Apr 29

A sensitive method is described to determine trace quantities of ethylene oxide (EO) in EO-sterilized intraocular lenses (IOLs). An IOL is dipped in ethanol containing 0.25 ppm propylene oxide (PO) in a 4 mL vial, 2 drops of freshly distilled hydrobromic acid is added through a septum, and the mixture is warmed at 50 degrees C for 24 h. It is then neutralized by vigorous shaking with sodium bicarbonate, dehydrated with anhydrous sodium sulfate, and filtered. The filtrate is injected into a gas chromatograph with electron-capture detection, and the peak height ratio of ethylene bromohydrin/propylene bromohydrin is measured. EO residue is calculated from the calibration curve obtained through a similar procedure with the standard EO/PO solutions. The limit of determination is 0.04 microgram/lens (ca 2.0 ppm). When EO residue levels were determined for IOLs sampled at 3 different aeration periods after sterilization, we found that 9 days of aeration was necessary to meet the U.S. Food and Drug Administration proposed limit for EO residue in IOLs.
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PMID:Gas chromatographic determination with electron capture detection of residual ethylene oxide in intraocular lenses. 323 2

Pieces of liver, kidney and urinary bladder were fixed in 10% formalin. In order to study the velocity of the dehydration process tissue specimens of standardized size were rinsed and equilibrated with water containing 3H2O. The specimens were then put into vials with 100% ethanol or acetone; the vials were either shaken continuously or left stationary. The concentration of 3H in the dehydration medium was determined at frequent intervals. If the vials were shaken, steady concentrations of 3H were reached within about 50 min when ethanol was used, and about 30 min with acetone, indicating that dehydration was complete. With the vials left standing still the corresponding times exceeded 12 h. In other experiments dehydration was carried out with intermittent shaking in rising concentrations of ethanol or acetone; in these cases about 4 h were required.
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PMID:Studies on the rate of dehydration of histological specimens. 329 52


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