Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0040822 (tremor)
 18,428 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Stereotaxic surgical operations on the basal cerebral ganglia are effective in the tremor and tremor-rigid forms of parkinsonism. Surgery is followed by an increased excretion of dopamine with a good clinical effect in most cases. Madopar (L-DOPA with an inhibitor DOPA-decarboxylase) is most effective in the akinetic and rigid-akinetic forms of the disease. Prolonged treatment with this drug leads to a sharp increase in DOPA and less significant in dopamine secretion. The effect of a single low dose of madopar on DOPA and dopamine excretion can be detected for six hours. When stereotaxic operation is indicated, the combined (surgery plus drug therapy) treatment of parkinsonism is most optimal. Following effective stereotaxic surgery, drug therapy should be continued with reduced dosage of the drugs.
 ...
PMID:[Combined (surgical and drug) therapy of parkinsonism]. 638 98

The effects of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and an analog of this hormone, MK-771, were determined on body shaking behavior and on biochemical estimates of the activity of dopamine (DA) neurons in the rat. Both compounds elicited dose-related episodes of "wet-dog shakes". A dose of TRH (20 mg/kg, i.p.) which caused marked shaking behavior did not alter the steady-state concentration of DA in any brain region, but, after an injection of alpha-methyltyrosine did enhance the rate of decline of DA in the nucleus accumbens, but not in the striatum of olfactory tubercle. The same dose of TRH increased the concentration of dihydroxyphenylacetic acid selectively in the nucleus accumbens, and caused a marked increase in the rate of synthesis of DA (accumulation of DOPA after the administration of a decarboxylase inhibitor) in the nucleus accumbens, and a modest and inconsistent increase in the striatum and olfactory tubercle. A single injection of MK-771 (3-100 mg/kg, i.p.) failed to change the rate of synthesis of DA in any brain region, while two injections of this compound (20 mg/kg, i.p.) slightly increased the rate of synthesis of DA in the striatum. These results suggest that TRH selectively increases the activity of DA neurons which terminate in the nucleus accumbens whereas its synthetic analog, MK-771, lacks this property. Since both compounds elicit similar body shaking behavior, it would appear that this behavior is not causally related to the actions of TRH on mesolimbic DA neurons which terminate in the nucleus accumbens.
 ...
PMID:Effects of behaviorally active doses of thyrotropin-releasing hormone and its analog MK-771 on dopaminergic neuronal systems in the brain of the rat. 643 20

The administration of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) (1-4 mg/kg i.p.) for 4 days induced dose-dependent parkinsonism in the common marmoset within 48 h. MPTP produced profound akinesia, rigidity of the trunk and limbs, postural abnormalities, loss of vocalization and, in some cases, postural tremor. In a single animal the administration of L-DOPA in conjunction with a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor, reversed the parkinsonian symptoms. Subsequent biochemical analysis showed a profound loss of dopamine and [3H]dopamine uptake in the caudate-putamen, but no change in specific [3H]spiperone binding.
 ...
PMID:1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced parkinsonism in the common marmoset. 643 58

The authors report an experiment undertaken with trazodone in the treatment of different forms of pathological involuntary movements. Forty-five subjects were treated for two months; 15 were affected with L-DOPA + decarboxylase inhibitor induced dyskinesias, 9 with choreic or choreoathetosic syndromes, 6 with primary buccolingual dyskinesias, 4 with ticks, 9 with tremors--3 of whom had delirium tremens--and 1 case of Wilson's disease with severe postural dystonia. At the end of treatment there was a considerable improvement in 40 cases (88.9%), 17 of whom (37.8%) had a reduction of over 65% of symptoms. The results were good in all the groups considered; particularly interesting were those obtained in delirium tremens, alcoholic induced tremor, primary buccolingual dyskinesias, L-DOPA + decarboxylase inhibitor induced dyskinesias. Emphasis is placed on the efficacy of the drug in inhibiting postural dystonia in the one case of Wilson's disease. The good tolerance of the drug was confirmed.
 ...
PMID:[Trazodone in involuntary pathologic movements]. 671 59

Chronic administration of amphetamine to cats (twice daily, in doses increasing from 5 to 15 mg/kg over a 10-day period) elicited a number of behaviors e.g., limb flicking, abortive grooming, and excessive head shaking, which were originally proposed as an animal behavioral model for studying the actions of hallucinogens that depress central serotonergic neurotransmission. This drug treatment produced large decreases (approximately 50%) in central nervous system serotonin (5HT) and its major metabolite, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, and even larger decreases (approximately 90%) in the levels of dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine. Administration of the 5HT precursors L-tryptophan (25 mg/kg i.p.) or L-5-hydroxytryptophan (12.5 mg/kg i.p.), a direct-acting 5HT agonist (quipazine, 1 mg/kg i.p.) or a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (tranylcypromine, 4 mg/kg i.p.) produced no significant changes in these behaviors in cats treated chronically with amphetamine. Administration of a 5HT reuptake blocker (fluoxetine, 5 mg/kg i.p.) produced a small, but significant, decrease in the frequency of occurrence of these behaviors in amphetamine-treated cats. L-Dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA, 20 mg/kg i.p.) greatly potentiated these behaviors in cats chronically treated with amphetamine, but L-DOPA was totally ineffective in eliciting these behaviors in naive animals. The behavioral effects of apomorphine (2 mg/kg i.p.) were also significantly potentiated by chronic amphetamine pretreatment. The amino acid precursor of DA, L-tyrosine (25 mg/kg i.p.), and a DA reuptake blocker, bupropion (5 mg/kg i.p.) were without significant effect on these behaviors in amphetamine-treated cats. The data suggest that these cat behaviors are elicited by an action at central DA receptors and that these receptors become supersensitive following chronic amphetamine administration. Furthermore, there may be a qualitative change in DA receptors, since L-DOPA is very effective in potentiating these behaviors in cats treated chronically with amphetamine, but is totally ineffective in naive cats.
 ...
PMID:Behavioral effects of serotonergic and dopaminergic drugs in cats following chronic amphetamine administration. 673 30

Pirenzepine, (5,11-dihydro-11-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-acetyl]-6H-pyrido-[2,3] [1,4]-benzodiazepin-6-one dihydrochloride), tested on rats and mice, did not demonstrate any conspicuous behavioral action: it did not counteract reserpine hypothermia in mice, the L-DOPA hypermotility of mice, and (with the exception of very large doses) the amphetamine hypermotility in mice and rats. The drug neither prolonged the time of immobility of rats in the behavioral despair test, nor affected the central serotonin system in rats in tests for 5-hydroxytryptophan-induced head twitches, tryptamine-induced convulsions and fenfluramine-induced hyperthermia at high ambient temperature. Pirenzepine did not affect either the hind limb flexor reflex in the spinal rat, nor the action of serotoninomimetics of it. The investigated compound had strong peripheral cholinolytic action as it inhibited salivation and lacrimation in the oxotremorine test. The oxotremorine tremor was weakened only by very high doses of pirenzepine. LD50 of the drug in mice was 412 mg/kg ip.
 ...
PMID:Central action of pirenzepine. 689 18

Pretreatment with apomorphine, increased and prolonged the arecoline-induced tremor in rats. When given before pilocarpine, it produced different effects dependent on the dose: low doses (0.05 and 1.0 mg/kg) antagonized, but higher doses (5.0 and 10.0 mg/kg) enhanced the pilocarpine tremor. The extent and duration of arecoline tremor after pretreatment L-DOPA increased significantly, but this was not observed in the pilocarpine-induced tremor. These results suggest that the relations between striatal dopaminergic and cholinergic systems may be complex and the model based on a simple antagonism between these systems may be oversimplified.
 ...
PMID:Modification of cholinergic tremor by apomorphine and L-dopa in rats. 724 99

The interrelationships were studied between catecholaminergic and cholinergic systems in 169 patients with extrapyramidal system diseases: 68 patients with torsion dystonia (58 with the rigid form and 10 with the hyperkinetic form), 10 with Hallervorden-Spatz disease, 61 with hepatolenticular degeneration, and in 40 with idiopathic tremor. The secretion of dopamine (DA), noradrenaline (NA), adrenaline (A) and their precursor--DOPA) as well as the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChe)--the enzyme disintegrating acetylcholine--were determined. In the rigid form of torsion dystonia and in Hallervorden-Spatz disease reduced secretion of all catecholamines (mainly DA) and DOPA was observed, with decreased AChE activity. In the hyperkinetic form of torsion dystonia the secretion of DA was increased and AChE activity was higher. In the patients with idiopathic tremor the secretion of A and NA was decreased and AChE activity was reduced. In patients with hepatolenticular degeneration the secretion of NA and DA was decreased and that of their immediate precursor DOPA was increased. Changes of AChE activity showed a wide range. The observed disturbances reflect various forms of disturbances in the equilibrium between the catecholaminergic and cholinergic systems which are one of the leading pathogenetic mechanisms in the development of various extrapyramidal syndromes.
 ...
PMID:[Characteristics of central neurotransmitter metabolism in hereditary extrapyramidal disorders]. 732 5

The authors report the results of treatment of hereditary extrapyramidal diseases with new preparations acting upon neurotransmitter systems. Patients with torsion dystonia, Huntington's chorea, Parkinson's disease, hereditary tremor, myoclonic epilepsy were followed-up for several years.. The best results in akinetic-rigidity syndromes (Parkinson's disease, rigid froms of torsion dystonia, Hallevorden-Spatz disease) were obtained with L-DOPA (including Sinemet, Nacom, Madopar) and in many patients these preparations were given in combination with other drugs (cholinolytic agents, Midantan) which contributed to compensation of the disturbed equilibrium of neurotransmitter systems and reduction of side effects. For decreasing the side effects of L-DOPA (hyperkineses of dystonic type, chorea and myoclonia) preparations from the group of phenothiazine and diazepine were given. In many cases improvement was achieved by slover increase of L-DOPA doses. In the hyperkinetic syndromes (Huntington's chorea, idiopathic tremor, myoclonic epilepsy, hyperkinetic torsion dystonia) preparations of phenothiazine, butyrophenone and new drugs active on the GABAergic system (Baclophen, Lyoresal, Pantogam) and diazepine (Clonazepam) were used. The analysis of the results shows that disturbed equilibrium of central neurotransmitters plays and important role in the pathogenesis of hereditary extrapyramidal system diseases.
 ...
PMID:[Pathogenetic treatment of various hereditary extrapyramidal disorders with new drugs]. 732 7

We report 2 survivors of severe methanol poisoning who developed, apart from blindness, a Parkinson-like extrapyramidal syndrome characterized by reduced initiative, poor voice volume, masked facies, mild tremor, rigidity, and bradykinesia. Both patients were mildly demented and 1 had hyperreflexia and bilateral Babinski responses. Computed tomographic scans in both patients demonstrated bilateral symmetrical infarction of the frontocentral white matter and putamen. Electromyography in 1 patient showed extensive denervation, mainly involving the legs, but normal motor conduction velocities. L-Dopa administered to the more severely affected patient had no effect on the parkinsonian features. Autopsy revealed cystic resorption of the putamen and the frontocentral subcortical white matter in additon to widespread neuronal damage throughout the cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem, and spinal cord.
 ...
PMID:Methanol poisoning: a clinical and pathological study. 742 69


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>