Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0040822 (tremor)
 18,428 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This report describes a case of metrizamide encephalopathy with persistent disturbance of consciousness and extrapyramidal symptoms. These two conditions have rarely been reported among the various adverse effects of metrizamide. An 11-year-old girl had been in almost good health until she was ten years old, at which time she received a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt operation, suffering from hydrocephalus of unknown etiology. At the age of eleven, she was admitted to our hospital due to hydrocephalus recurrence. She was examined by metrizamide shunt-gram (1200 mg iodide/4 ml). On the next day, she became drowsy. The CT scan disclosed the periventricular penetration of metrizamide into the medial part of the thalamus and the caudate nucleus. Thirteen days later, disturbance of consciousness continued, and extrapyramidal symptoms, that is, rigo-spasticity and postural tremor, were observed. Oral administration of L-threo-DOPS, the direct precursor of noradrenaline, was effective against the persistent disturbance of consciousness and L-DOPA was effective against the extrapyramidal symptoms. She soon recovered almost to normal and no neurological deficit remained. We thus conclude that the CT scan findings and effects of L-threo-DOPS and L-DOPA suggest that metrizamide encephalopathy in this case were respectively due to its periventricular penetration into the medial part of the thalamus and the caudate nucleus, and the resultant deficiency of the ascending noradrenergic reticular activating system and the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system.
 ...
PMID:[Metrizamide encephalopathy in a child with hydrocephalus--effects of L-threo-DOPS on persistent disturbance of consciousness and L-dopa on extrapyramidal symptoms]. 314 37

Non-human primates exposed to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) have been employed to study the clinical features of parkinsonism. Monkeys lesioned by unilateral intracarotid administration of MPTP display spontaneous and drug responsive turning behavior. However this seems to correlate poorly with their clinical deficits. We describe an objective measurement of arm movement velocity, applied in 4 cynomolgus monkeys before and after unilateral administration of MPTP. Reduced movement velocities correlated with clinical signs of unilateral flexed arm posture, rigidity, tremor and bradykinesia and could be reversed with L-DOPA therapy. This measurement technique has advantages for the quantitative assessment of parkinsonian deficits and will permit the evaluation of dopaminergic therapy and transplantation in non-human primates.
 ...
PMID:A new device for the quantitative assessment of dopaminergic drug effects in unilateral MPTP-lesioned monkeys. 326 71

In this review, the authors present a critical overview of the historical development, indications, complications, operative techniques, and results of procedures for the alleviation of the major dyskinesias. Emphasis is placed upon recent refinement of technique, particularly stereotaxis, as well as neurophysiologic stimulation and recording, computerized tomographic scanning (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Specific disorders that may be amenable to surgical therapy include spasticity secondary to spinal cord pathology, cerebral palsy, and multiple sclerosis; the tremor and rigidity of Parkinson's disease; essential tremor; dystonia; spasmodic torticollis; post-traumatic and postinfarction intention tremor; cerebral palsy with tremor; hemiballismus; myoclonus; and dyskinesias induced by L-DOPA.
 ...
PMID:Neurosurgical management of spasticity, rigidity, and tremor. 332 80

Four monkeys were exposed to a total of 8 g each of manganese as oxide by repetitive subcutaneous injections during 5 months, after which they were left for 1 week to 6 months before they were sacrificed. All animals developed hyperactive behaviour after about 2 months. About 5 months after the start of the exposure the animals became hypoactive with an unsteady gait, and subsequently an action tremor appeared in some of the animals. The animals lost power in both upper and lower limbs and the movements of the hands and feet were very clumsy. The serum content of manganese rose 10-40 times during the exposure time and the content in brain was generally increased more than 10 times, with the highest content found in globus pallidus and putamen. The observed neurochemical effects were also largest in globus pallidus and putamen. In these regions there was a considerable depletion of dopamine and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, while the homovanillic acid content remained almost unchanged. A severe neuronal cell loss was observed in globus pallidus but not in other regions. This is in accordance with results from the most recent neuropathological study of a human suffering from chronic manganese poisoning [Yamada et al. (1986) Acta Neuropathol 70: 273-278] where globus pallidus was devoid of neuronal cells while the content of pigmented cells in substantia nigra was normal. Our data suggest a reduction in number of dopaminergic nerve terminals, as the activity of the dopamine synthesizing enzyme DOPA-decarboxylase was also lowered.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Effects of manganese oxide on monkeys as revealed by a combined neurochemical, histological and neurophysiological evaluation. 343 74

Twelve Parkinson disease (PD) patients were submitted to a single night of total sleep deprivation (SD). Disease duration had a median of 5.1 years and all were using either anticholinergic or L-Dopa or the combination of both drugs. After SD there was an improvement of rigidity, bradykinesia, gait and posture disturbances and functional disability that remained significant for 2 weeks. No effect was observed on tremor. Concerning depressive symptoms, a significant difference was noted, that remained for one week. These results suggest that SD may be an useful procedure to improve PD symptomatology. It is discussed a possible change of dopaminergic receptors, induced by SD, to explain the improvement.
 ...
PMID:Total sleep deprivation and Parkinson disease. 343 4

The study covers 30 patients with idiopathic Parkinson disease, 13 men and 17 women, aged between 50 and 70, on stabilized L-Dopa and/or bromocriptine, which failed to ensure adequate control of the symptoms, especially tremor. To this regimen was added Bornaprine/placebo in randomized sequence. The patients were tested according to the Webster Rating Scale before, during and after each stage of the treatment. Statistical analysis of the results showed the superiority of Bornaprine over the placebo in reducing tremor (p less than 0.01) and, to a lesser degree, some other parkinsonian symptoms. No noteworthy side effects were found apart from dryness of the mouth, which was more frequent with Bornaprine.
 ...
PMID:Bornaprine vs placebo in Parkinson disease: double-blind controlled cross-over trial in 30 patients. 351 43

The influence of L-DOPA on the behavioral effects of LHRH was studied in male rats. Subcutaneous administration of LHRH (100 micrograms/kg) caused a significant disruption in the acquisition of a conditioned avoidance response (CAR) and a significant increase in head shaking behavior (HSB). Pretreatment with this hormone antagonized the stimulatory action of amphetamine (1 mg/kg, IP) in acquisition of CARs, spontaneous motor activity (SMA) and rearing behavior (RB). L-DOPA (100 mg/kg, IP), administered after LHRH, stimulated SMA, RB and HSB. In addition L-DOPA antagonized the effect of LHRH on acquisition of CARs and counteracted the antagonism between LHRH and amphetamine in acquisition of CARs and SMA. These findings indicate that LHRH could exert its behavioral effects through an inhibitory action upon brain catecholamine synthesis. The suppression of CARs may be the response to DA antagonism and the interaction with amphetamine could be mediated by an inhibition of both DA and NE activities. The possibility of an interaction between LHRH and central serotonin mechanisms is also discussed.
 ...
PMID:Pharmacological evidence of catecholaminergic involvement in the behavioral effects of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone in rats. 351 86

Tremor and drug-induced dyskinesia are major involuntary movements in Parkinson's disease. The rhythm of resting tremor is 4-6 cycles/s, driven by generators in the brain, and stabilized by reflex arcs involving the spinal cord, nerves and muscles. Its frequency is fixed: it is the same in proximal and distal muscles in each case and does not change in the course of amplitude reduction of tremor by levodopa injection. An approximate doubling of frequency occurs in action tremor which suggests a central mechanism liable to produce harmonics. In postural tremor as observed in the lower limbs while on standing, the frequency of grouped discharges falls into ranges of rhythm with either resting or action tremor. Levodopa-induced dyskinesia has a similar nature to chorea in both clinical observation and EMG. With EMG choreic discharges may appear concomitant with regular parkinsonian tremors in the same muscle, suggesting that the two are not opposites as expressions of dysfunction of the dopaminergic system.
 ...
PMID:Pathophysiology of involuntary movements in Parkinson's disease. 355 88

The experiments characterized the dose- and time-dependence of parkinsonian motor signs induced by reserpine in rats and a standardized system of manipulation of animals, evaluation of symptoms and analysis of data was devised. The assay procedure yielded no more than 0.5, 4.5 and 0.0% false positives with the evaluation of tremor, rigidity and hypokinesia, respectively. A dose-dependent and often complete blockade of all three signs was obtained with L-DOPA plus carbidopa (10:1) as well as with other classes of pharmacological agents that are used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, i.e. direct or indirect dopamine (DA) agonists (amantadine, pergolide, lisuride) and inhibitors of monoamine oxidase (MAO) (clorgyline, pargyline, deprenyl, tranylcypromine). The inhibitor of the uptake of DA, nomifensine, and anticholinergics, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) antagonists, histamine antagonists and tricyclic antidepressants exerted little or no effect. The effects of putative agonists and antagonists at alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptors were also examined. Yohimbine blocked tremor and rigidity, but not hypokinesia, at 0.66 and 0.28 mg/kg, respectively. It is suggested that alpha-adrenergic mechanisms and, in particular, alpha 2-adrenoceptors, may be involved in reserpine-induced tremor and rigidity. Noradrenergic and dopaminergic systems can conceivably interact to progressively generate these different motor signs.
 ...
PMID:Pharmacological characteristics of tremor, rigidity and hypokinesia induced by reserpine in rat. 367 May 63

Levodopa is currently used at all stages of Parkinson's disease, particularly from Stage 3 onward. Most patients start levodopa within four years of the onset of disease, earlier in the akineto-rigid patients (average delay of 2.1 years) than in those where resting tremor predominates (average delay of 3.4 years). Advanced age (greater than 80) is no deterrent to the use of levodopa if required. Wearing off is most noticeable in Stage 3 or after 10 years of therapy with levodopa. An inverse correlation was found between age and wearing off, suggesting a marked sensitivity of younger patients to levodopa. Future studies on the use of dopamine agonists should thus be stratified according to age.
 ...
PMID:Current status of levodopa therapy in idiopathic Parkinson's disease. 367 19


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>