Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0040822 (tremor)
 18,428 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

1. 14C-Paxilline incubated in bile from pasture-fed sheep was efficiently transformed to a more polar dioxygenated derivative in which the indole 2,3 double-bond had opened to give an 8-membered ring. The structure is proposed on the basis of mass spectrometry and 1H- and 13C-n.m.r. spectroscopy. The new compound is 2,18-dioxo-2,18-seco-paxilline. 2. The paxilline transformation also occurred in bile which had been boiled to inactive enzymes. 3. The dissolved oxygen concentration in freshly collected sheep bile was in the range 38-163 nmol/ml. 4. Whereas paxilline causes pronounced tremor in the mouse given 4 mg/kg i.p., the dioxygenated paxilline was biologically inactive at ten times this dose. 5. The feasibility that analogous oxidative transformation of indole-diterpenoid tremorgenic mycotoxins may occur, increasing polarity advantageously to xenobiotic elimination, during biliary elimination from agricultural ruminants in the field, is recognized. Concomitant loss of tremorgenicity is an additional benefit. 6. The biotransformation of paxilline in sheep bile was mimicked by ozonolysis but the ozone equivalent 4-t-butyl-iodoxybenzene was not similarly effective.
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PMID:Oxidative transformation of paxilline in sheep bile. 221 64

The electromyographic (EMG) activity of skeletal muscle was investigated as a method of recording the tremorgenic activity of the mycotoxins penitrem, paxilline and lolitrem B in sheep. EMG recordings were made concurrently from the abomasal antrum and duodenum to study the effects of these tremorgens on smooth muscle of the gut. Penitrem (2.2 to 7.5 micrograms kg-1) induced mild to moderate tremors within 15 to 20 minutes of injection which lasted for two to four hours. Paxilline (0.66 to 1.5 mg kg-1) induced mild to moderate tremors immediately which lasted for one to two hours. Lolitrem B (25 to 110 micrograms kg-1) had no effect at low doses, but at higher doses it produced tremors appearing over 20 to 30 minutes which persisted for more than 24 hours. The best measure of tremor indicated by skeletal muscle EMG was recorded from the shoulder area. The responses of smooth muscle of the antrum and duodenum to the tremorgens were variable. They included inhibitory effects on the antrum but no stimulation. The tremorgens had inhibitory effects on the duodenum on some occasions but on others, phase III migrating myoelectric complex-like activity was stimulated.
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PMID:Effect of the mycotoxins penitrem, paxilline and lolitrem B on the electromyographic activity of skeletal and gastrointestinal smooth muscle of sheep. 924 7