Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0040822 (tremor)
 18,428 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We describe a patient treated with trazodone, amitriptyline and lithium carbonate who developed anxiety, restlessness, tremor, myoclonus, hyperreflexia, diaphoresis, rigidity and hyperthermia. The constellation of findings was diagnostic of serotonin syndrome. Although doses of trazodone and amitriptyline were relatively low, serotonin syndrome developed in this patient. It is suggested that the combination with lithium facilitated the effect of central serotonergic responses mediated by trazodone and amitriptyline.
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PMID:A case of serotonin syndrome induced by concomitant treatment with low-dose trazodone and amitriptyline and lithium. 903 98

We report a 83 year-old woman with dementia. She was apparently well until December of 1993 when she was 81-year-old. At that time, she was operated or her cataract. Her post operative course was uneventful, however, shortly after her operation, she had an onset of memory loss and abnormal behavior. She showed a fluctuating course in her mental disturbance. In 1995, her dementia worsened with nocturnal agitation. She was admitted to our service on June 12, 1995. She was alert and her blood pressure was 140/100 mmHg. She showed recent memory loss and disorientation to time. Motor wise, she was unable to stand unsupported. Her gait with support showed small steps and a wide base. She was bradykinetic and ataxic in her finger-to-nose and heel-to-knee test, however, no rigidity or tremor was noted. Her MRI showed T2-high signal lesions in both medial thalamic areas, in the right occipital lobe, and in the bilateral cerebral white matters as well as in the basal ganglia. She was discharged for out-patient follow up on July 3, 1995. Four days after the discharge, she showed declining responses to stimuli and she developed dyspnea on July 14, 1995. She was admitted again on the same day. Her body temperature was 38.5 degrees C and moist rales were heard in the left lung field. She appeared drowsy and no verbal response was obtained; no apparent motor palsy was noted. Blood count showed leukocytosis (14,300/ml). Blood gas analysis under 61 of oxygen inhalation through a mask was as follows: pH 7.460, PCO2 39.6 mmHg, PO2 67 mmHg, and HCO3-28.5 mEq/l. Two days after admission, she developed a convulsion in her left arm and she became unconscious. Her EEG showed periodically recurring lateralized epileptic discharges on the right fronto-central areas. Her subsequent course was complicated by status epilepticus and respiratory distress. She died on July 26, 1995. She was discussed in a neurological CPC. The chief discussant arrived at a conclusion that she suffered from multi-infarct dementia. Bilateral thalamic infarctions were considered to have played a significant role in her dementia. Post-mortem examination revealed subcortical leukoencephalopathy of Binswanger's type and cerebral infarctions in the thalamic and basal ganglia regions and in the right occipital lobe. In addition, she showed isolated angitis of the central nervous system involving mainly in the small arteries located in the superficial areas of the brain and the spinal cord. This patient was interesting in that despite relatively mild leukoaraiosis in MRI, post-mortem examination revealed profound pathologic changes in the subcortical white matters. In addition, she showed the isolated angitis of the CNS. The cause and the clinical correlates of her angitis were unclear.
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PMID:[A 83 year-old woman with dementia, gait disturbance, and convulsion]. 904 33

Cultured medullary thick ascending limb (MTAL) cells may lack some of the main carriers of fresh MTAL cells, such as apical Na+-K+(NH4+)-2Cl- cotransporter (BSC-1) and Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE-3). We have developed a technique to maintain rat MTALs several hours in suspension and in a good state of viability. Medullary thick ascending limbs were suspended in a 1:1 mixture of Ham's nutrient mixture F-12 and Dulbecco's modified Eagle's essential medium (HDMEM) supplemented with 25 mM HCO3- and gassed with 95% O2/5% CO2; the resulting mixture was placed in a rotary shaking water bath at 37 degrees C for 16 hours. As seen by electron microscopy, MTALs from the HDMEM-suspension retained a virtually normal tubular organization. Na+-K+(NH4+)-2Cl- cotransport activity and NHE consistent with both apical NHE-3 and basolateral NHE-1 activities were underscored both in intact cells by intracellular pH measurements and in a membrane fraction enriched in apical and basolateral membranes by 22Na+ uptake experiments. These results demonstrate that freshly harvested MTALs can be maintained in a well differentiated state for at least 16 hours; this preparation should make long-term in vitro studies of MTAL transport regulations possible.
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PMID:Long-term shake suspension and membrane vesicles of medullary thick ascending limb. 946 Nov 4

This pilot study was designed to explore the tolerance and efficacy of lithium as an adjunctive prophylactic agent when added to maintenance antidepressant regimens following an episode of depression in an older medical-psychiatric population. In a randomized controlled trial, 27 depressed patients had either lithium carbonate or placebo added to their maintenance antidepressant (AD) regimen following an index episode of depression. Of 17 patients who received lithium carbonate, 76% (13/17) were unable to tolerate this agent for the duration of the study because of side effects (e.g., gastrointestinal disturbances or tremor). The four patients who tolerated lithium were monitored for relapse of depression over a 15-month follow-up period, and one relapsed (after a 49-week remission) whereas 60% (6/10) of the placebo patients relapsed. Cognitive functioning was stable in the lithium-treated patients who remained on therapy. The high rate of lithium intolerance in this study indicates that lithium dosing and serum levels must be conservatively managed in this clinical population.
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PMID:Lithium intolerance in a medical-psychiatric population. 958 92

A portable device was developed and assembled from a stationary differential continuous flow centrifuge usually employed for blood cell separation, for the purpose of concentrating Cryptosporidium and Giardia from large volumes of water. Following compaction onto the wall of the disposable plastic centrifuge bowl and aspiration of residual water, the oocysts and cysts were dislodged by injection of a 20 ml solution containing 0.01% Tween-80 and 1% SDS and vigorous shaking. Following aspiration, the oocysts were pelleted, reacted with specific FITC-conjugated monoclonal antibodies, and enumerated via fluorescence microscopy. The entire procedure required about 2 h. Initially, 55% and 87% of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts, respectively, were recovered from 45 litres of tap water, and 27% and 57%, respectively, from river water. Adjustments in centrifuge speed and flow rates improved recovery to about 90% for Cryptosporidium oocysts and hence, this method compared favourably with the recently developed calcium carbonate flocculation method. It was superior in time requirement and volume flexibility, and showed a distinct advantage over the standard cartridge filtration method in all respects. The continuous flow centrifugation equipment is compact, mobile, flexible, and yields reproducibly high recovery rates. The ease of handling, speed of performance and minimal requirements for post-concentration equipment, reagents and labour make the system highly cost-effective. It appears to offer an improved method, well suited for use by water utilities for monitoring the burden of water-borne protozoan pathogens.
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PMID:Evaluation of a portable differential continuous flow centrifuge for concentration of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts from water. 1038 44

A method is reported for the determination of cyromazine and melamine residues in soil. Soil samples are extracted twice via mechanical shaking, each time with 70% acetonitrile/30% 0.050 M ammomium carbonate for 30 min. An aliquot portion of the pooled extracts is subjected to strong cation exchange (SCX) purification on AG 50W-X4 resin. Final analysis is accomplished using liquid chromatography-ultraviolet (LC-UV) detection at a wavelength of 214 nm. Confirmatory analyses can be performed using gas chromatography-mass selective detection (GC-MSD) in the selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. The limit of detection (LOD) is 2.5 ng injected and the limit of quantification (LOQ) is 10 ppb when using LC-UV for the analysis of N-cyclopropyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4, 6-triamine (cyromazine) and 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine (melamine). The LOD is 0.050 ng injected and the LOQ is 10 ppb when using GC-MSD for confirmatory analyses. The mean procedural recoveries were 97 and 95% and the standard deviations were 16 and 11% for cyromazine and melamine, respectively (n = 24), when using LC-UV. The mean procedural recoveries were 107 and 92% and the standard deviations were 9.9 and 16% for cyromazine and melamine, respectively (n = 29), when using GC-MSD. The method validation study was conducted under U.S. EPA FIFRA Good Laboratory Practice Guidelines 40 CFR 160. The method also passed an Independent Laboratory Validation (ILV) as per U.S. EPA FIFRA Subdivision N.
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PMID:Analytical method for the determination of cyromazine and melamine residues in soil using LC-UV and GC-MSD. 1095 15

Three artemisinin antimalarials, arteether (AE), artesunate (AS), and artelinate (AL) were evaluated in rats using an auditory discrimination task (ADT) and neurohistology. After rats were trained on the ADT, equimolar doses of AE (25 mg/kg, in sesame oil, n=6), AS (31 mg/kg, in sodium carbonate, n=6), and AL (36 mg/kg, in saline, n=6), or vehicle (sodium carbonate, n=6) were administered (IM) for 7 consecutive days. Behavioral performance was evaluated, during daily sessions, before, during, and after administration. Histological evaluation of the brains was performed using thionine staining, and damaged cells were counted in specific brainstem nuclei of all rats. Behavioral performance was not significantly affected in any rats treated with AS, AL, or vehicle. Furthermore, histological examination of the brains of rats treated with AS, AL, and vehicle did not show damage. In stark contrast, all rats treated with AE showed a progressive and severe decline in performance on the ADT. The deficit was characterized by decreases in accuracy, increases in response time and, eventually, response suppression. When performance on the ADT was suppressed, rats also showed gross behavioral signs of toxicity that included tremor, gait disturbances, and lethargy. Subsequent histological assessment of AE-treated rats revealed marked damage in the brainstem nuclei, ruber, superior olive, trapezoideus, and inferior vestibular. The damage included chromatolysis, necrosis, and gliosis. These results demonstrate distinct differences in the ability of artemisinins to produce neurotoxicity. Further research is needed to uncover pharmacokinetic and metabolic differences in artemisinins that may predict neurotoxic potential.
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PMID:Behavioral and neural toxicity of the artemisinin antimalarial, arteether, but not artesunate and artelinate, in rats. 1111 82

Monitoring the removal of carbonate from alkali metal hydroxide (MOH, M = K, Na) solutions with calcium oxide (CaO) was studied using a newly developed method for the determination of trace amounts of total carbonate (TC) in alkaline solutions based on a flow injection (FI) technique coupled with a gas diffusion system. The optimized conditions of the FI system were as follows: the flow rate of each carrier, reaction solution (H2SO4) and receptor solution (Cresol Red, pH 8.9) was 0.25 ml min(-1), the sample size was 0.1 ml and the concentration of H2SO4 in the reaction solution was 0.09 M. The limit of detection of TC by the proposed method was 4 x 10(-7) M. The removal efficiency of carbonate was affected by the amount of CaO added, the shaking time of the solutions and the concentration of MOH. For 1 M NaOH and KOH solution, the removal efficiency of carbonate was about 99% and the concentration of residual carbonate was 4 x 10(-5) and 1.2 X 10(-4) M, respectively, when the amount of CaO added was 2 g l(-1) and the shaking time was 16 h.
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PMID:Monitoring the removal of carbonate from alkali metal hydroxide solutions using gas diffusion flow injection. 1199 72

Precipitation experiments with aqueous solutions of the Kokubo's revised simulated body fluid (rSBF) equal to 2, 4, 8, and 12 times the ionic concentration of human blood plasma were performed. Instead of Hepes, solution pH was adjusted to the desired value of 7.40 +/- 0.02 by either bubbling of CO2 or addition of HCl. The experiments were performed in tightly closed plastic vessels kept at 37.0 +/- 0.2 degrees C for 72 h under permanent shaking. Afterward, the suspensions were filtrated, and the precipitates were collected and analyzed. The results revealed that increasing the concentration of rSBF resulted in great changes in both the structure and the chemical composition of the precipitates. Phosphate substitution for carbonate (although the amounts of calcium and magnesium remained unchanged) and crystallinity decreasing were the most important modifications found in the precipitates formed from the highly condensed solutions of rSBF.
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PMID:Structure and properties of the precipitates formed from condensed solutions of the revised simulated body fluid. 1456

Removing arsenic from contaminated groundwater in Bangladesh is challenging due to high concentrations of As(III), phosphate and silicate. Application of zero-valent iron as a promising removal method was investigated in detail with synthetic groundwater containing 500 microg/L As(III), 2-3mg/L P, 20mg/L Si, 8.2mM HCO3-, 2.5mM Ca2+, 1.6mM Mg2+ and pH 7.0. In a series of experiments, 1L was repeatedly passed through a mixture of 1.5 g iron filings and 3-4 g quartz sand in a vertical glass column (10mm diameter), allowing the water to re-aerate between each filtration. At a flow rate of 1L/h, up to 8 mg/L dissolved Fe(II) was released. During the subsequent oxidation of Fe(II) by dissolved oxygen, As(III) was partially oxidized and As(V) sorbed on the forming hydrous ferric oxides (HFO). HFO was retained in the next filtration step and was removed by shaking of the sand-iron mixture with water. Rapid phosphate removal provided optimal conditions for the sorption of As(V). Four filtrations lead to almost complete As(III) oxidation and removal of As(tot) to below 50 microg/L. In a prototype treatment with a succession of four filters, each containing 1.5 g iron and 60 g sand, 36 L could be treated to below 50 microg/L in one continuous filtration, without an added oxidant.
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PMID:Oxidation and removal of arsenic (III) from aerated groundwater by filtration through sand and zero-valent iron. 1589 71


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