Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0040822 (tremor)
 18,428 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Single B-cells have been previously shown to respond poorly to glucose, in contrast to B-cells lodged in intact islets or in small groups of structurally coupled B-cells, isolated as such from islets. To analyze the role of cell coupling in glucose-induced insulin release, single B-cells were reaggregated in vitro and then tested for their secretory capability. Glucose as well as (Bu)2cAMP stimulated the degree of reaggregation during short shaking incubations (up to 180 min); onset of this process was most rapidly observed with (Bu)2cAMP (within 20 min), but after 180 min a comparable extent was measured with either 20 mM glucose or 0.5 mM (Bu)2cAMP. Calcium was an absolute prerequisite for reaggregation of B-cells. Glucose-induced insulin release from reaggregated B-cells was 4-fold higher than from single B-cells; this difference was not caused by some metabolic priming effect of glucose or (Bu)2cAMP, but appeared primarily mediated by the aggregated state of the cells. It is concluded that the secretory response of pancreatic B-cells is highly dependent on their aggregation with other B-cells. Both glucose and cAMP promote the adhesion of B-cells, and this may contribute to their well known insulinotropic effects.
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PMID:Effects of glucose and 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate upon reaggregation of single pancreatic B-cells. 632 39

Infusion of terbutaline sulphate (0.25 mg) was followed by increases of plasma insulin and blood glucose concentrations and by a decrease in plasma potassium. Similar metabolic changes were seen on the first day of oral terbutaline administration (5 mg, 3 times daily). Heart rate was moderately increased by terbutaline over the entire period (13 days) of oral dosing. Hand tremor always increased after terbutaline, but to a lesser degree on days 5 and 13 than after the first oral dose. On day 13, there was a very small increase in plasma insulin and no reduction in plasma potassium. Blood glucose increased slightly from an elevated morning value. Plasma terbutaline showed similar maximum concentrations on days 1 and 13. Since the concentration at the effector organs should be at least as high on day 13 as on day 1, these findings indicate that the tolerance was mediated through reduced response of the effector organs.
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PMID:Plasma concentration and side-effects of terbutaline. 637 50

It has recently been demonstrated that human pancreatic GH-releasing factor (hpGRF-44) and Tyr-D-Trp-Ala-Trp-D-Phe-NH2 (subsequently referred to as 'the peptide') release GH from rat pituitary glands maintained in vitro and, in the former case, increase circulating GH in rats and man. The commercial importance of discovering an agent capable of specifically enhancing GH secretion in ruminants stimulated the present study which examined: the intravenous administration of both peptides on plasma GH, prolactin, insulin, glucose, urea and non-esterified fatty acids in goats and the effect of the peptide on the release of GH from sheep pituitary glands maintained in vitro. The peptide was injected into the jugular vein of goats in three different forms and at several concentrations (dispersal by shaking, 0.07 microgram/kg; 0.7 microgram/kg; ball-milled, 7.0 micrograms/kg, 70 micrograms/kg; dimethyl sulphoxide (5%), 7.0 micrograms/kg, 70 micrograms/kg). None of the treatments stimulated a significant increase in circulating GH. Nevertheless the peptide (20 micrograms/ml medium) was found to stimulate a 50-60% increase in the production of GH from sheep pituitary glands maintained in vitro. The effect of intravenously injecting hpGRF-44 (1.0 microgram/kg) was investigated in the present and absence of passive immunization with sheep anti-somatostatin immunoglobulin G (IgG) (a bolus of 600 mg, 3 h before treatment with hpGRF-44). Plasma GH was increased (P less than 0.001) within 15 min of treatment and the magnitude of the response was the same for both the immunized and non-immunized goats. A second peak was measured after approximately 75 min which was only significant (P less than 0.05) in the immunized group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Effect of intravenous administration of growth hormone-releasing factor (hpGRF-44) and Tyr-D-Trp-Ala-Trp-D-Phe-NH2 on plasma hormones and metabolites in goats. 643 24

A method has been developed for the isolation of islets of Langerhans from the human pancreas. The average number of islets isolated was 1011 islets per gram of pancreas (SD 475, range 752-2111), and the purity of the preparation as defined by histologic examination and specific staining for insulin varied from 10% to 40%. Islet structure was well preserved and the islets were shown to be viable by supravital staining, demonstration of insulin response to glucose, and by transplantation of isolated islets beneath the renal capsule of nude mice. The essential features of this technique for isolation of human islets include injection of a high concentration of collagenase (6 mg/ml) into the pancreatic duct under pressure, followed by a short incubation (23 min) at 39 degrees C. The gland is then dispersed by a process of teasing and shaking, and the islets are separated by a two-stage process of filtration on a nylon mesh to remove the larger islets and centrifugation on a preformed Ficoll density gradient to separate the small islets.
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PMID:A method for isolation of islets of Langerhans from the human pancreas. 643 95

The optimal conditions for preparations of rifampicin-containing liposomes were determined with the methods of mechanical shaking, gas dispersion and and reversible phases. It was found that the percentage of rifampicin incorporation into liposomes depended on the molar ratio of the antibiotic to the lipid (the optimal ratio was 1 : 10), the size and structure of liposomes, the amount of cholesterol added and the lipid membrane charge. Incorporation of rifampicin amounted to 16.1 +/- 2.4, 39.2 +/- 3.2 and 60.5 +/- 2.9 per cent with respect to neutral lecithin multilamellar liposes, liposomes prepared with the gas dispersion method and liposomes prepared with the method of reversible phases, respectively. Cholesterol in a molar ratio to lecithin equal to 2 : 5 or higher and dicetyl phosphate imparting the negative charge to the membrane had an inhibitory effect on the drug uptake by liposomes, while stearyl amine having the positive charge had a stimulating effect. The effect of the cryoprotectors glucose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, poly-ethylene glycole-400 and glycerol on low-temperature preservation and storage of rifampicin-containing liposomes was studied. It was shown that 10--15 per cent solutions of sucrose and glucose had the highest cryoprotective effect, when the two-stage method of freezing was used. It provided almost 84 per cent preservation of liposomal rifampicin. Electron microscopy showed that after defrosting liposomes no significant changes in the size and structure of lipid membranes were observed.
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PMID:[Isolation and low-temperature preservation of liposomes containing rifampicin]. 663 70

Albuterol is a long-acting beta 2-adrenergic receptor-selective drug that relaxes airway smooth muscle. It is currently available in the United States in oral and metered-dose inhaler forms. Nebulizer solutions and parenteral preparations are likely to be marketed here in the future. The chemical modifications that make albuterol beta 2-selective also promote oral bioavailability and increased duration of action by decreasing sensitivity to degradative enzymes. Albuterol can also produce undesirable dose-related effects: metabolic effects including decreased levels of plasma potassium, phosphate, calcium and magnesium; increased levels of plasma glucose, insulin, renin, lactate and ketones; peripheral vasodilation and perhaps some direct cardiac stimulation resulting in decreased systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance, increased pulse pressure and tachycardia; and skeletal muscle tremor. These side effects are most common with parenteral administration and much less prominent with aerosol administration, which yields lower systemic concentrations. Limited pharmacokinetic data suggest a long distribution phase, a terminal half-life of 3-8 hours, and 10-20% oral bioavailability. Aerosolization of albuterol or a similar agent with a compressed-air nebulizer appears to be best first-line management of the patient with acute dyspneic asthma, but appropriate preparations for this kind of therapy are currently missing from the United States market. Intravenous albuterol has also been employed in acutely dyspneic patients, but produces more side effects than carefully administered intravenous theophylline, is impaired by lack of sufficient pharmacokinetic information to guide dosing, and is of uncertain efficacy in the asthmatic with respiratory failure. However, it appears to lack the potentially life-threatening side effects that can result when theophylline is used carelessly . In the ambulatory patient, aerosolized albuterol (or a similar agent) administered by metered-dose inhaler is an excellent agent for treatment as needed and/or for prevention of acute bronchospasm triggered by exercise or other predictable cause. Advantages include a high degree of efficacy, rapid onset and long duration of effect, and minimal side effects. Regularly scheduled administration of albuterol by metered-dose inhaler is a widely used and effective maintenance medication for patients requiring long-term prophylactic therapy. However comparisons of the ability of this regimen and the other common maintenance regimens (cromolyn and theophylline) to control chronic symptoms of asthma are needed.
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PMID:Albuterol: an adrenergic agent for use in the treatment of asthma pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and clinical use. 673 11

The production of thermolabile (LT) enterotoxin was compared in a defined medium reported by Staples et al. (SAG medium) for the production of thermostable (ST) enterotoxin and the Casamino acids-Yeast extract (CAYE) medium. Aliquots were drawn frum cultures of an enterotoxigenic (LT+, ST+) E. coli in both media at different times, growth curves were plotted, and culture filtrates tested for toxin activity. Levels of LT and ST and in the SAG showed that it is as suitable as CAYE for the production of LT. The addition of either glucose (1%) or lincomycin (90 microgram/ml) to SAG medium increased LT levels, but no synergistic effort could be observed if both substances were added concomitantly. Cultures in SAG medium incubated stationarily for 72 h at 37 degrees C yielded more LT than shaking cultures incubated similarly.
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PMID:Evaluation of a defined medium for the production of both thermolabile (LT) and thermostable (ST) enterotoxins of Escherichia coli. 675 Mar 40

Red cells stored under blood bank conditions normally show less than 1% spontaneous in vitro hemolysis even after 5 weeks; larger hemolysis may be found if the cells are suspended and stored in a saline-adenine-glucose (SAG) solution with very little trapped plasma. Delay of the addition of the suspension medium, return of 25 ml plasma after a maximal plasma harvest, addition of mannitol 10-30 mmol.1(-1) to the suspension medium were alternative and effective ways of keeping the spontaneous lysis within normal limits. Mechanical traumatization (centrifugation or shaking) caused considerably more damage to the red cells when these were highly concentrated than when they were diluted. A cell suspension in SAG is a more suitable product for hemotherapy than strongly packed red cell concentrates.
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PMID:Red cell preservation in protein-poor media. III. Protection against in vitro hemolysis. 679 61

The pentacyclic triterpene alcohol beta-amyrin, which is commonly found in plants, was isolated from wild-type cultures of the ascomycete fungus Aspergillus nidulans. The isolated beta-amyrin was characterized by TLC, GLC, and HPLC and produced identical mass and 1H NMR spectra to those of authentic beta-amyrin. This material was isolated from static (non-shaking) cultures.
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PMID:Isolation of beta-amyrin from the fungus Aspergillus nidulans. 687 11

Hand tremor, heart rate, and electrolyte, plasma (pl) insulin, blood (bl) glucose, and pl terbutaline levels were measured in 11 healthy men during infusion and oral administration of terbutaline. Infusion of terbutaline (250 micrograms) was followed by increases in pl insulin concentration and bl glucose and by a decrease in pl K. Similar metabolic changes were seen on day 1 of oral terbutaline (5 mg x 3). Heart rate was moderately increased by terbutaline over the entire period (13 days) or oral dosing. Hand tremor always increased after terbutaline, but to a lesser degree on days 4 and 13 than after the first oral dose. On day 13 there was a very small increase in pl insulin and no reduction in pl K; bl glucose increased slightly from an elevated basal level. Pl terbutaline was of similar maximum concentrations on days 1 and 13, indicating that the tolerance was mediated through reduced response of the effector organs.
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PMID:Extrapulmonary effects of terbutaline during prolonged administration. 704 76


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