Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0040822 (tremor)
 18,428 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

To determine the systemic absorption of epinephrine when it is given by inhalation, six normal volunteers were given 15 puffs, followed by 30 puffs, of epinephrine from a pressurized aerosol (160 micrograms epinephrine/puff). The peak mean (+/- SE) plasma epinephrine levels were 1.50 (+/- 0.61) and 4.22 (+/- 1.93) nmol/L 1 minute after each dose, respectively. The effect on physiologic finger tremor correlated with the plasma epinephrine level and returned to baseline 20 minutes after taking the higher dose. There was a small fall in mean plasma potassium levels of 0.45 mmol/L and a small rise in plasma glucose levels of 0.81 mmol/L. On a separate occasion an injection of 0.3 ml of 1/1000 (300 micrograms) epinephrine was given subcutaneously to the same individuals. This caused a peak plasma epinephrine level of 2.43 (+/- 0.47) nmol/L at 10 minutes, and this was still raised at 2.05 (+/- 0.41) nmol/L after 40 minutes. The maximum fall in the mean plasma potassium level was 0.43 mmol/L after the injection.
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PMID:Systemic absorption of inhaled epinephrine. 378 Jan 29

In a summer camp for 47 diabetic children in Kinki district, Japan, in 1984, the relationship between hypoglycemic symptoms and blood glucose levels by self-monitoring was analyzed. During the 7-day camp, self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) was carried out 599 times in total, 12.7 times per camper. SMBG due to hypoglycemic complaints amounted to 371. 154 measurements out of 371 indicated blood glucose levels under 80 mg/dl, but 78 monitorings were found to be over 200 mg/dl. Fatigue or weakness were the most frequent hypoglycemic symptoms, as was hunger sensation, each reaching approximately 40% in frequency. In most complaints of tremor, the blood glucose level was critically low. Prompt measurement of blood glucose is indeed necessary to properly treat diabetic children with 'hypoglycemic' symptoms.
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PMID:Relationship between hypoglycemic symptoms and blood glucose levels due to self-monitoring in summer camp for diabetic children in Japan. 383 7

Nine monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were used in this study. Four monkeys were rendered parkinsonian by administration of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) 0.5 mg/kg intravenously. Three animals were injected once daily for 4 days, and one animal once weekly for 4 weeks. Five animals were used as controls. All MPTP-treated animals demonstrated the same clinical features which included akinesia, bradykinesia, a flexed posture of the trunk and all extremities, decreased initiation of the threat response, decreased vocalization and difficulty in swallowing. An increase in rigidity and reflexes was noted in all extremities. Tremor was present in all animals. Determination of the local spinal metabolic rate of glucose (LSMRg) utilization revealed an increase (P less than 0.05) in LSMRg in Rexed layer I in all cord segments and in Rexed layer II in both cervical and lumbar segments. Rexed layer X demonstrated a significant (P less than 0.05) increase in LSMRg at the cervical cord. The LSMRg in the animal that received weekly injections was similar to the daily injected animals.
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PMID:Spinal cord metabolism of the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3, 6-tetrahydropyridine-treated monkey. 387 82

Cellulase production was examined in two strains of Neocallimastix frontalis, namely, PN-1 isolated from the ovine rumen, and PN-2 from the bovine rumen. For both strains, carboxymethylcellulase (CMCase) had a pH optimum of 6.0 and a temperature optimum of 50 degrees C. CMCase resided mainly in the culture fluid, and activities up to 170 U ml-1 (1 U represents 1 microgram of glucose equivalents released per min) were obtained for cultures grown on 2.5 mg of cellulose ml-1. For resting cultures of strain PN-1, the yield of CMCase increased from 9.9 X 10(3) to 10.4 X 10(4) U per g of cellulose degraded, as the initial cellulose concentration decreased from 10 to 0.58 mg ml-1. The range for PN-2 was 8.1 X 10(3) to 11 X 10(4) U g-1. Shaking cultures improved yields for strain PN-1 but not for PN-2. Decreased CMCase production at high initial cellulose concentrations concurred with accumulation of glucose, and addition of glucose (4 mg ml-1) to cultures grown on low cellulose in which none of the sugar accumulated repressed CMCase. Adsorption of CMCase was excluded as a likely explanation for decreased yields at high initial cellulose as only a low proportion (less than 20%) of the enzyme was adsorbed onto the growth substrate. Exoglucanase, measured with alkali-treated Sigmacell or Avicel, gave low levels of activity in the culture fluid (less than 2 U ml-1) and did not appear to be associated with the fungal rhizoid, as treatment with various solubilizing agents failed to give increased activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Production and regulation of cellulase by two strains of the rumen anaerobic fungus Neocallimastix frontalis. 392 31

In an attempt to understand the mechanism for the extremely slow rate of digestion and absorption of carbohydrate from legumes, we have examined a number of factors which could potentially affect the process in vitro. The rate of hydrolysis of legume starch in vitro was not affected by the presence of fat (as either butter or an emulsion). However, it was significantly increased in commercially available canned bean preparations, suggesting that the high temperatures used in the canning process may alter the availability of starch in legumes. In vitro starch hydrolysis rate was also significantly increased by grinding legumes finely prior to cooking. Finally, the slow rate of digestion and absorption of legume carbohydrate does not appear to be due to viscosity since a) increasing the shaking rate of viscous mixture of either red kidney beans or lentils from 0 to 120 oscillations per minute did not affect the hydrolysis rate, and b) a thick viscous mixture of either of these legumes did not retard the diffusion of free glucose from a dialysis sac into the dialysate.
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PMID:Factors affecting the rate of hydrolysis of starch in legumes. 401 66

Local cerebral glucose utilization (LCGU) was measured, using the quantitative [14C]2-deoxy-D-glucose ([14C]DG) method, at 3 min after administration to 3-month-old, awake Fischer rats of the muscarinic agonist arecoline (AREC) 0.05, 0.5, 5, 15 or 50 mg/kg or saline i.p. Animals were pretreated with methylatropine (a cholinergic antagonist which does not enter the brain and has no effect on cerebral metabolism) 4 mg/kg s.c. to prevent parasympathomimetic side-effects of AREC. Tremor produced by AREC was rated subjectively. Intensity of tremor was dose-related, peaked at 2-5 min after AREC, and abated within 30 min. Elevations in LCGU (measured after [14C]DG injection during peak behavior) in extrapyramidal regions, which mediate tremor, were related to the intensity of tremor. The lowest dose of AREC selectively increased LCGU in the hippocampus and median raphe; higher doses produced more generalized metabolic enhancement. In the hippocampus and cortex, LCGU rose in layers in which cholinoceptive cells are located. Regions of the auditory pathway and superficial neocortical layers (I-III) were generally unaffected by AREC, but LCGU did not decrease in any region. The selective increase in LCGU produced by low doses of AREC in the hippocampus presumably is due to a specific action of AREC, and demonstrates the high sensitivity of this region to cholinomimetic stimulation.
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PMID:Arecoline-induced elevations of regional cerebral metabolism in the conscious rat. 406 6

The specie Penicillium verrucosum var cyclopium (Westling) has showed that Media containing peptones, especially, trypticase, as a source of nitrogen and maltose or glucose as a source of carbon are most efficient for a good stimulation of the lipolytic activity. Salt, especially Mg++ ion and some oligo- elements exhibit a marked effect on enzyme production. On the other hand, addition of lipids to the growth medium inhibited the lipase production. Shaking of the medium decreases the amount of lipase production but allows an early growth of P. verrucosum var cyclopium (Westling).
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PMID:[Study of the lipolytic system of Penicillium verrucosum var cyclopium (Westling). II. Conditions for the production of the lipase system]. 409 19

To develop an efficient method for the production of urocanic acid, optimal conditions for the production of microbial L-histidine ammonia lyase and for the conversion of L-histidine to urocanic acid by this enzyme were studied. A number of microorganisms were screened to test their ability to form and accumulate urocanic acid from L-histidine. Achromobacter liquidum was selected as the best organism. With this organism, enzyme activity as high as 2.0 units/ml could be produced by a shaking culture at 30 C in a medium containing glucose, urea, potassium phosphate, L-histidine, yeast extract, peptone, and inorganic salts. Appropriate addition of a surface-active agent to the reaction mixture shortened the time required for the conversion. A large amount of L-histidine was converted stoichiometrically to urocanic acid in 48 h at 40 C. Accumulated urocanic acid was readily isolated in pure form by ordinary procedures with isoelectric precipitation. Yields of isolated urocanic acid of over 92% from L-histidine were easily attainable. When the culture of Achromobacter liquidum was added to DL-histidine, D-histidine and urocanic acid were simultaneously obtained in high yields.
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PMID:Enzymatic production of urocanic acid by Achromobacter liquidum. 415 Nov 17

A simplified method has been devised for typing Pseudomonas aeruginosa by pyocin production. Pyocins are produced as strains grow overnight in Trypticase soy broth (without glucose) plus 1% potassium nitrate. Because P. aeruginosa can use nitrate instead of oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor, mechanical shaking is not necessary, nor is induction by mitomycin C. Pyocins can now be produced in screw-cap tubes in a water bath or incubator. A total of 250 strains were tested as possible pyocin indicators, which included 60 strains already used in pyocin-typing systems. The final set contained 18 indicators which were chosen because (i) they had clear positive or clear negative reactions, thus eliminating reactions difficult to read, (ii) they had few zones due to bacteriophage lysis, and (iii) they were most sensitive in differentiating clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa. The final typing method was tested in several studies and the results were clear; thus definitive epidemiological conclusions could be made. Because it is simple to perform and easily automated, the new method should have application in many hospitals; however, it should be used only in carefully planned epidemiological studies. The method and its application are described in detail, and some pitfalls are discussed.
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PMID:Pyocin typing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: a simplified method. 420 82

1. A method for measuring the lipogenesis from [(14)C]glucose by single fat cells is described: (i) after incubation with ;carrier-free' [U-(14)C]glucose (0.55 mu-mole/ml.), collagenase-isolated fat cells were fixed with osmium tetroxide; (ii) similarly incubated pieces of epididymal fat pads were treated with osmium tetroxide for 90 sec, whereby only the superficial cells are fixed, and the tissue was then disintegrated by shaking with collagenase. The osmium-fixed free cells were washed, sucked into a micropipette, measured under a microscope and assayed individually for (14)C-activity.2. There was a quantitative recovery of (14)C-lipid activity from osmium-fixed single cells.3. Both collagenase-isolated cells and in situ fixed surface cells were normally distributed with respect to diameters (for both cell groups from ad lib. fed rats of ca. 110 g; mean diameter, about 55 mum; S.D. about 7 mum).4. Frequency distribution curves (number of fat cells versus (14)C-lipogenesis per cell) were asymmetric and very broad (coefficient of variation about 50%) for collagenase-isolated cells incubated with insulin (10(3) mu-u./ml.). Frequency distribution curves for surface cells obtained from similarly incubated pieces of epididymal fat pads showed a coefficient of variation of the same magnitude, whereas the mean lipogenesis of these cells was only about one third of that of the isolated cells.5. Collagenase-isolated cells incubated in the presence of insulin (10(3) mu-u./ml.) showed a weak but highly significant positive correlation between fat cell diameter and (14)C-lipogenesis (eight rats, r about 0.5 and P < 0.001 for each rat). Analysis of the relationship: lipogenesis = k x diameter to the exponent of beta showed that the estimates of beta varied significantly from rat to rat (range: 1.3-2.9). Similar correlations between cell size and lipogenesis were found both for cells incubated with insulin in various submaximal concentrations and for cells incubated without insulin.6. Small and large cells from the same rat were equally sensitive to insulin.7. Statistical analysis of frequency distribution curves (number of cells versus (14)C-lipogenesis per unit surface area) representing cells from the same rat incubated with insulin 0, 2.5, 5, 10, and 10(3) mu-u./ml., respectively, suggests that insulin exerts a graded influence on the lipogenesis of each fat cell.
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PMID:Lipogenesis and insulin sensitivity of single fat cells. 436 2


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