Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0040822 (tremor)
 18,428 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Salbutamol was given by the intramuscular route to children aged 3 to 16 years with an attack of asthma. Results with a dose of 8 microgram/kg were favourable but suggested that a higher dose might be more so. 16 children thereafter were treated with 20 microgram/kg which produced a greater mean increase in peak expiratory flow rates (PEFR) without increase in side effects. This dose was then used in a double-blind crossover trial of salbutamol against a saline placebo. Half of 36 children treated with 20 microgram/kg showed rapid clinical improvement, the maximum rise in PEFR occurring within the first 5 minutes. A rise in pulse rate and occasionally a tremor were the only side effects noted. We conclude that intramuscular salbutamol 20 microgram/kg is a safe and useful initial medication in the management of the asthmatic child suffering an acute exacerbation.
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PMID:Intramuscular salbutamol in treatment of acute exacerbations of childhood asthma. 32 44

Selectivity for beta 1- and beta 2-receptors to xamoterol, prenalterol and salbutamol were tested using ICI 118 551, a specific beta 2-receptor antagonist. Measurements were made of heart rate at rest and exercise, blood pressure, forearm blood flow and finger tremor. The actions of xamoterol were similar to those previously demonstrated, and were unaffected by beta 2-blockade, indicating selectivity for the beta 1-receptor. Salbutamol was selective for the beta 2-receptor and prenalterol was active at both.
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PMID:Selectivity of xamoterol, prenalterol and salbutamol as assessed by their effects in the presence and absence of ICI 118 551. 197 92

The objective of this randomized, single-blind, parallel group study was to determine whether a more constant rate of albuterol delivery from tablets provides less variability in bronchodilation. Thirty-eight adult patients were enrolled with FEV1 between 40% to 80% of predicted normal and greater than or equal to 15% reversibility. Eighteen patients received Volmax, 8 mg bid, and 20 patients received Proventil Repetabs, 8 mg (as two 4-mg tablets) bid. The magnitude and duration of bronchodilation were determined after the first dose and at steady state on treatment day 7 by measuring serial values of pulmonary function for 12 hours on each day. Interpatient variability in bronchodilation was calculated for each study day did not differ significantly between treatments, the interpatient variability in bronchodilation with Volmax was, on average, one-half of that experienced with Proventil Repetabs. Adverse events, mainly headache and tremor, were comparable between Volmax and Proventil Repetabs. This study demonstrates that Volmax achieves less variable bronchodilation through a more constant rate of drug delivery from the onset of therapy.
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PMID:Improved stability in oral delivery of albuterol provides less variability in bronchodilation in adults with asthma. 201 33

The selectivity of single oral doses of xamoterol, 200 mg, prenalterol, 50 mg, and salbutamol, 8 mg, was compared in eight healthy male volunteers by measuring their effects on sleeping heart rate, supine heart rate, blood pressure, forearm blood flow, finger tremor, and exercise heart rate in the presence and absence of the specific beta 2-adrenoceptor antagonist ICI 118,551, 25 mg. Xamoterol, 200 mg, increased sleeping heart rate and systolic blood pressure, decreased exercise heart rate, and had no effect on diastolic blood pressure, forearm blood flow, or finger tremor. The concurrent administration of ICI 118,551, 25 mg, did not alter these results. Supine heart rate was increased by xamoterol and did not differ from that for xamoterol with ICI 118,551. Prenalterol, 50 mg, increased sleeping heart rate, supine heart rate, systolic blood pressure, forearm blood flow, and finger tremor, decreased diastolic blood pressure, and had no effect on exercise tachycardia. The concurrent administration of ICI 118,551 with prenalterol reduced the increase in sleeping heart rate, supine heart rate, and forearm blood flow, and reduced the fall in diastolic blood pressure caused by prenalterol alone. The increase in finger tremor following prenalterol with ICI 118,551 tended to be less than that following prenalterol. Salbutamol, 8 mg, increased sleeping heart rate, supine heart rate, systolic blood pressure, forearm blood flow, finger tremor, and exercise heart rate, and caused a fall in diastolic blood pressure. When salbutamol, 8 mg, was administered with ICI 118,551, 25 mg, the only changes detected were a small initial increase in finger tremor and a small rise in diastolic blood pressure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:The selectivity of xamoterol, prenalterol, and salbutamol as assessed by their effects in the presence and absence of ICI 118,551. 245 40

A dose-ranging study and a 12-week treatment study were conducted in children with asthma, aged 4 to 12 years, to assess the efficacy and safety of albuterol inhaled as either an aerosol or as dry powder. Both studies were double-blind and placebo-controlled with randomized assignment to treatment. The dose-ranging study in 30 patients indicated that similar single doses of albuterol aerosol and powder had comparable effects with the intermediate doses (i.e., 180 micrograms of aerosol and 200 micrograms of powder) providing effective bronchodilation with minimal adverse effects. In the subsequent 12-week, parallel-group study, 204 children received albuterol as either aerosol, 180 micrograms, or powder, 200 micrograms four times a day. Both formulations were equally effective with no untoward cardiovascular effects and only one incident of mild tremor. Among those children who expressed a preference for one of the delivery systems, significantly more children preferred the powder (44% versus 26%, p less than 0.01). Albuterol taken four times a day as either aerosol or dry powder is both effective and well tolerated in children with asthma.
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PMID:Albuterol treatment for children with asthma: a comparison of inhaled powder and aerosol. 264 19

Salbutamol (albuterol) is a beta 2-selective adrenoceptor agonist which accounts for its pronounced bronchodilatory, cardiac, uterine and metabolic effects. During the intervening years since salbutamol was first reviewed in the Journal (1971), it has become extensively used in the treatment of reversible obstructive airways disease. Numerous studies in this disease (including severe acute, childhood and exercise-induced asthma) have confirmed the bronchodilatory efficacy of salbutamol, and it has been shown to be at least as effective as most of the currently available bronchodilators, if not more effective. The onset of maximum effect of salbutamol is dependent on the formulation used and the route by which it is administered. In most patients inhaled salbutamol is a first-line therapy, since it offers rapid bronchodilation, usually relieving bronchospasm within minutes. Although oral salbutamol has often proved to be less efficacious than the inhaled formulation, it still affords clinically significant bronchodilation, and it is particularly useful in those patients unable to coordinate the use of inhalers. Parenteral formulations of salbutamol are generally reserved for the treatment of severe attacks of bronchospasm and they are one of the treatments of choice in these life-threatening situations. Studies of the concomitant use of salbutamol and other agents such as anticholinergics, methylxanthines and beclomethasone dipropionate have usually shown a complementary response in the majority of patients, as might be expected from the different mechanisms of action of these groups of drugs. Salbutamol is generally well tolerated and any side effects observed are a predictable extension of its pharmacology. Since the frequency of side effects is dose related, and therefore dependent on the route of administration, it is not surprising that they are much more common following intravenous and oral rather than inhalation therapy. Tremor, tachycardia and hypokalaemia are the most frequently reported adverse effects. After nearly 20 years of use, salbutamol is well established as a 'first-choice' treatment in reversible obstructive airways disease. Indeed, throughout this time many new bronchodilatory agents have been studied but none have proved more effective. Clinical evaluation of salbutamol in the treatment of premature labour, hyperkalaemia and cardiac failure awaits further studies, although to date some encouraging results have been reported.
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PMID:Salbutamol in the 1980s. A reappraisal of its clinical efficacy. 267 May 12

The bronchodilating activity and tolerability of a single 0.5-mg oral dose of broxaterol (Z.1170) were evaluated in 18 patients with reversible bronchial obstruction. Salbutamol 4.0 mg and placebo were used as controls. The study design was double-blind within patients. The forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), pulse rate, and blood pressure were measured immediately before and 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 h after each treatment. At the same time clinical controls were made to detect the possible presence of side effects. Both broxaterol and salbutamol caused significant increases in FEV1 until the 5th hour as compared to baseline values and until the 2nd hour as compared to placebo. No significant difference was reported between the effects of broxaterol and those of salbutamol at all the times considered. The tolerability of broxaterol was good, as was that of salbutamol. The pulse rate and blood pressure did not show any significant clinical variations. The side effect reported most frequently was tremor.
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PMID:Broxaterol (Z.1170), a new oral beta 2-agonist compared with salbutamol. 288 6

Beta 2 agonists are best administered by inhalation since this route provides maximum therapeutic effect with minimum side effects. Plasma levels are lower and muscle cramps, tachycardia and tremor less common. Inhalation may be carried out by use pressurised inhalers (with various modification if necessary), by a Rotahaler with Salbutamol powder, and by nebulisers. All have their uses. Apart from their immediate bronchodilator effect, it is customary to give Beta 2-agonists routinely before inhalation beclomethasone, and there is evidence that regular use of Beta 1-agonists has a useful suppressive effect. In severe chronic asthma high doses may be indicated and be effective where conventional doses have failed. The introduction of reliable sustained-release preparation of theophylline and its derivatives together with plasma assays theophylline levels has enabled therapy to be optimal and side effects to be lessened. The therapeutic range is a plasma concentration of 10-20 mg/l. There are large individual variations in hepatic clearance of theophylline, which may also be influenced by age, liver disease, drugs and viral infections. Theophyllines are less effective as bronchodilators than Beta 2-agonists but in chronic severe asthma have a place for their additive effect. They are used most frequently to suppress nocturnal asthma and early morning wheezing.
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PMID:Bronchodilators: beta 2 agonists versus theophylline. 289 40

20 children (age range 0.8-14.7 years) with acute severe asthma were alternately randomized to receive one of two different treatment regimes. 10 children (control-group) received Salbutamol inhalation (75 micrograms/kg in 2 ml Saline every two hours). 10 children (reproterol-group) received reproterol infusion (0.2-2.0 micrograms/kg/min in Saline) and inhaled Saline only. Other therapy regimen were identical in both groups: Theophylline infusion, i.v. Prednisolone, adequate fluids intake and oxygen insufflation. Age, severity and maintenance therapy of asthma, and severity of the acute episode, were not significantly different in both groups. Treatment efficacy, assessed with a simple clinical score, the heart and respiratory rates, the peak expiratory flow (PEF) and the blood gases, was comparable in both groups. Side effects, i.e. tachycardia, blood pressure changes and tremor, were also similar and clinically not relevant in both groups. In two children, who previously needed repeated mechanical ventilation, severe respiratory failure could be successfully controlled only when the reproterol dose was raised 10 folds (2.0 micrograms/kg/min). Reproterol infusion can be recommended in children with acute severe asthma, who do not respond satisfactorily to current therapy regimen, particularly in children who previously experienced numerous intubations.
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PMID:[Intravenous infusion of reproterol (a beta-2-mimetic agent) in the therapy of severe asthma attacks in childhood]. 308 54

This study evaluated the administration of albuterol syrup (0.1 mg/kg/6 hr) or placebo to 2- to 6-year old children whose extrinsic asthma was treated with maintenance theophylline in a prerandomized, double-blind crossover study design. Albuterol/theophylline treatment produced peak expiratory flow rates 2 hours after administration that were significantly higher than in the theophylline/placebo-treated group (119.3 L/min versus 83 L/min) p less than 0.01. The theophylline/placebo-treated group also required higher serum concentrations of theophylline to control wheezing, 10.5 micrograms/ml versus 5.0 micrograms/ml (p less than 0.01). The average symptom scores for the albuterol/theophylline-treated patients (72.5) were less than that of theophylline/placebo-treated group (97.6) p less than 0.02. Side effects such as tremor, irritability, or insomnia occurred in only two of 17 patients. Serial EKG recordings demonstrated no evidence of cardiotoxicity, such as arrhythmias, or indication of myocardial injury. The addition of albuterol to theophylline improved control of severe asthma in children 2 to 6 years of age demonstrated by improvement in pulmonary function, decrease in theophylline dosage requirement, and improvement in symptoms. It was free of any known cardiotoxicity.
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PMID:Albuterol syrup in the treatment of asthma. 389 81


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