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Query: UMLS:C0040822 (tremor)
 18,428 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy has been investigated in a two-stage devascularization model in the rat with portavacal shunt and hepatic artery ligation. There is a significant increase in brain octopamine and phenylethanolamine and a decrease in brain norepinephrine (NE) 6 to 9 hours after hepatic artery ligation. The depletion of NE seems the sequel of diminished synthesis in the presence of an unaltered turnover rate, due to a blockade of tyrosine hydroxylase either by accumulation of false neurochemical transmitters or by phenylalanine. It is most marked in the cortex and midbrain. The high-energy phosphate compounds, ATP, phosphocreatine and glucose-6-phosphate are not diminished in hepatic coma, nor is glucose, indicating that other mechanism are involved in the pathogenesis of metabolic state by the increased ammonia level. "intestinal sterilization" and total colectomy have no significant effect on the ammonia level, but cause a decrease in the level or aromatic precursor amino acids in the plasma and brain, with normalization of the level of cerebral transmitters. These results permit the formulation of a unified concept of the hepatic coma syndrome and its clinical manifestations such as flapping tremor, the hyperdynamic cardiovascular state and the hepatorenal syndrome. Moreover, they form the basis for the introduction of a new therapeutic principle in the management of hepatic encephalopathy by L-dopa or modified amino acid solutions, which act by altering the central and peripheral neurotransmitters.
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PMID:[Cerebral manifestations in the hepatic coma syndrome (author's transl)]. 0 92

Spectrophotometric characteristics of bilirubin at low concentrations (0.005-2.500 mg/100 ml) have been studied under various physical conditions in order to gain a better understanding of the state of bilirubin when preparing "solutions" for laboratory use. Standing, minimal shaking, or stirring of the bilirubin preparations at pH 7.4 progressively reduced and altered the maximal spectral absorption of bilirubin (440 nm) in aqueous buffered media. The shift to 415-420 nm is attributed to oxidation of the pigment whereas shoulder formation is attributed to the formation of large size particles (flocculants). In the presence of antixidants (L-ascorbic acid and nitrogen gas) and EDTA the maximal absorption peak remained at 440 nm but decreased in magnitude concomitant with development of progressively increasing shoulder at 480-560 nm. In the absence of antioxidants and EDTA maximal absorption shifted to 415-420 nm and the magnitude of 480-560 nm shoulder formation was less. At the higher concentrations of bilirubin and with reduction in pH of the buffer in the absence of antioxidants, the shift to lower wave lengths was reduced and 450-560 nm shoulder formation was increased. In the absence of antioxidants and EDTA at the lower concentrations of bilirubin and in more alkaline media, the reduction at 440 nm and the shift of maximal absorption to the shorter wave lengths was enhanced. At pH 12, stirring of antioxidant-EDTA-containing solutions of bilirubin resulted in neither a shift of maximal absorption to the shorter wave lengths nor the formation of 480-560 nm shoulder. The formation of 480-560 nm shoulder was accompanied by the visual appearance of turbidity. The formation of flocculants when a "solution" is agitated indicates that significant portions of the pigment were in fact, not in solution and must have existed previously as a finely dispersed colloidal sol or supersaturated solution which progressed to a colloidal sol. Spectral curves of bilirubin, therefore, may represent a composite resulting from four physical states of bilirubin: (1) bilirubin truly in solution with the spectral peak at 440 nm; (2) bilirubin in the fine colloidal dispersion with spectral characteristics similar to those of bilirubin in solution; (3) bilirubin flocculant giving 480-560 nm shoulder; and (4) oxidation products of bilirubin with the spectral peaks lower than 440 nm. Increasing the pH of the aqueous media containing bilirubin (0.05 mg/100 ml) from 7.4 to 12.0 increased the molar extinction coefficient of bilirubin, E1M/440 1cm, progressively to a maximum at pH 12 of 6.35 X 10(4). Very dilute bilirubin preparations (0.005-0.050 mg/100 ml) in aqueous media, pH 7.4, exhibited spectral evidence of rapid oxidation (more so at higher pH), but spectral shoulder formation was still observed after mechanical agitation. Thus, the solubility of bilirubin in 0.1 M phosphate buffer at pH 7.4 appears to be less than 0.005 mg/100 ml.
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PMID:Spectrophotometric characteristics of bilirubin. 0 55

A sterile glucose-mineral salts broth was inoculated with conidia of Penicillium rubrum P-13 and P-3290. Radiolabeled compounds were added to some cultures, these being incubated quiescently at 28 degrees C for 14 days. Other stationary cultures were grown for 21 days, received labeled compounds, and were then grown for 5 more days. The remaining cultures were inoculated with 72-h-old mycelial pellets, received labeled materials and were incubated with shaking for 60 h. Rubratoxin was resolved by thin-layer chromatography. Labeled [1(14)C]acetate, [1,5(14)C]citrate, [2(14)C]malonate, [1(14)C]glucose, [U14C]glucose or [1(14)C]hexanoate were incorporated into rubratoxins A and B by P. rubrum 3290 and into rubratoxin B by P. rubrum 13. Incorporation of [1(14)C]acetate and [2(14)C]malonate increased when exogenous unlabeled acetate, malonate, pyruvate, or phosphoenol-pyruvate was added. Acetate incorporation was influenced by cultural conditions, attaining maximum amounts in quiescent cultures which received labeled acetate after 21 days of incubation. Acetate incorporation in shake cultures was enhanced by reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and by unlabeled exogenous citrate.
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PMID:Incorporation of labeled small molecules into rubratoxin. 2 89

Submerged cultures of Brucella abortus strain 19 were studied in shaking flasks. The influence of the sterilization methods and the medium composition on the bacterial yield and cellular dissociation were studied. The selected medium was as follows (amounts in g/l): casein pancreatic hydrolizated 30; yeast extract 10; glucose, 30; sodium phosphate dibasic anhydrous 3,3; sodium monobasic monohydrate 9. Cell concentration of 8 . 10(10) viable cell/ml was obtained after 48 hours when the medium components were separated and sterilized at 121 degrees C for 20 min in autoclave.
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PMID:[Influence of the sterilization technic and culture media components on the growth and dissociation of Brucella abortus strain 19 in submerged cultures]. 11 82

Between 20 July and 15 Octoboer 1975, five cases of human infection with Babesia microti were diagnosed on Nantucket Island, Massachusetts. The illness was characterized by fever, drenching sweats, shaking chills, myalgia, arthralgia, extreme fatigue, and a mild-to-moderate hemolytic anemia. None of the patients had a history of splenetomy. Although all patients responded symptomatically to treatment with oral chloroquine phosphate, parasitemia and fatigue frequently persisted for several weeks to months.
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PMID:Human babesiosis on Nantucket Island. Clinical features. 55 20

We compared several sets of conditions used to estimate metabolism in rat lung slices. 14CO2 production from [14C]glucose, oxygen consumption, lactate production, and glucose consumption were used as measures of metabolic activity. The calculated results differed when we used 1) different techniques for estimating tissue weight, 2) tissue slices of 0.3-, 0.5-, 0.7-, and 1.0-mm thickness, 3) 95% air or 95% oxygen with 5% CO2 4) a delay after slice preparation and 4 degrees C and room temperature or periods of anoxia before incubation, 5) shaking rates of 60, 90, 120, or 150/min, 6) phosphate or bicarbonate buffers. Conditions of maximal activity were found using 95% O2 with 1.0-mm tissue slices, shaking at 120/min in phosphate buffer without periods of hypoxia or undue delays before incubation. Tissue weight should be obtained without exposure to aqueous solutions or dehydration by contact with cotton gauze or filter paper.
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PMID:Metabolism in rat lung tissue slices: technical factors. 59 83

Several functional tests were performed to compare Hb A, Hb A2, and Hb Lepore Boston, which has a delta-beta crossover in the region of residues 87 to 116. Oxygen equilibrium curves determined by an automatic apparatus in 0.1 M potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0, at 20 degrees showed that the p50 was 5.8 mm Hg for Hb Lepore Boston, in contrast to 8.1 and 10.3 mm Hg for Hb A2 and Hb A, respectively. The n values (Hill coefficinets) of Hb Lepore Boston and Hb A2 were slightly smaller than that of Hb A. The effect of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate and inositolhexophosphate on the p50 of Hb Lepore Boston and Hb A2 was less than that on the p50 of Hb A. The molecular stability to mechanical shaking of Hb Lepore Boston and Hb A2 showed that the oxy forms of Hb Lepore Boston and Hb A2 denatured at a rate 3 times faster than that of Hb A. MetHb Lepore Boston was more unstable than MetHb A2 to mechanical shaking. These results indicate that, although the molecular stability of Hb Lepore Boston is more similar to that of Hb A2 than that of Hb A, the oxygen-binding properties of Hb Lepore differ from both Hb A and Hb A2.
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PMID:Comparative studies of Hb Lepore Boston, Hb A2, and Hb A. 61 77

In 3T3 Swiss mouse fibroblasts, incorporation of phosphate into cells and phosphorylation of small organic compounds were increased by shaking dense cultures. This response was not obtained with SV40 transformed Swiss 3T3 cells (SV-3T3). It appeared likely that these results could be accounted for by an inhibitor released from 3T3 cells but not from SV-3T3 cells. Our new method of co-incubation of sparse and dense cultures allowed us to demonstrate inhibition of growth and phosphate metabolism in sparse 3T3 cultures which were shaken in the presence of dense cultures. The inhibition was much less when the cultures were co-cultivated but not shaken. The inhibition of phosphate incorporation in acid-soluble and acid-insoluble fractions of sparse cultures was observed as early as 20 minutes of co-incubation in the presence of dense cultures, so this inhibition is not the result of depletion of growth factors in the medium. Our experiments suggest that an inhibitor(s) was released from dense cultures of 3T3 cells.
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PMID:Diffusible factor(s) controlling density inhibition of 3T3 cell growth: a new approach. 67 Mar 14

In vitro cultivation is reported of Mycobacterium leprae on a medium (designated LA-3) based on hyaluronic acid with additional ingredients of yeast extract, bovine albumin and glycerin together with phosphate buffer. The medium is also incorporated with agar or agarose (designated LA-3P) to serve as culture plates. Initial growth in LA-3 in test tubes required about six weeks but subsequently this was speeded up to about two weeks utilizing large quantities of media with aeration by shaking twice a day. Growth on LA-3P yields numerous small orange-yellow colonies in two to three weeks. Facets of the emerging aspects of the life cycle of M. leprae under cultivation are given preliminary report. The bases for the allegation of M. leprae identity of the cultured bacilli are essentially the following six determinations. 1. Pathologic and experimental determined rationale for the essential M. leprae nutrient requirement. 2. Several cultures having the same characteristics have been isolated from LL patients widely separate in time and by geography. 3. Failure of culture isolates to subculture on the usual media employed in the cultivation of mycobacteria at both 37 degrees C and room temperature. 4. 1 degree cultures in liquid medium successfully transferred to 2 degrees liquid medium and to 2 degrees agar medium plates. 5. Bacillary isolates and bacilli of 1 degree and 2 degrees liquid medium cultures all stain with pooled LL serum, FITC coupled, M. leprae specific antibody with which a broad range of other mycobacteria do not react. 6. M. lepraemurium also presents good growth on this medium.
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PMID:In vitro cultivation of leprosy bacilli on hyaluronic acid based medium. 1. Preliminary report. 76 62

Propagules of Rhizoctonia solani grown in modified Czapek's medium containing sodium polypectate or carboxymethyl cellulose as a sole carbon source produced both extracellular and cell-bound polygalacturonase (PG), and cellulase (Cx), respectively. The cell-bound enzymes can be released to various extents by shaking the germinating propagules in solutions of NaCl, KCl, phosphate buffer, Na2EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetate), detergents such as Triton X-100 (octyl phenoxypolyethoxyethanol), Tween 80 (polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate), Celmusol, and distilled water. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) inactivated both PG and Cx but did no affect Cx activity in phosphate buffer solution. PG was more easily released by salts from the mycelium of R. solani than Cx. The release of both enzymes was a passive process and was not due to an osmotic effect. The amount of the cell-bound fraction was correlated with the total amount of the extracellular fraction rather than with the mycelial growth. At least one-third of the cell-bound fractions of both enzymes was found to be associated with the cell wall fraction of the mycelium.
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PMID:Release of cell-bound polygalacturonase and cellulase from mycelium of Rhizoctonia solani. 80 41


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