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The marine yeast strain Kodamea ohmeri BG3 isolated from the gut of a marine fish (Hexagrammes otakii) was found to secrete a large amount of phytase into the medium. The crude phytase produced by this marine yeast showed the highest activity at pH 5.0 and 65 degrees C. The optimal medium for phytase production contained oat 10.0 g/l, ammonium sulfate 15.0 g/l, glucose 30 g/l, and NaCl 20.0 g/l, while the optimal cultivation conditions for phytase production were pH 5.0, a temperature of 28 degrees C, and a shaking speed of 170 rpm. Under the optimal conditions, over 557.9 mU/ml of phytase activity was produced within 72 h of fermentation at the shake flask level. This is a very high level of phytase activity produced by yeasts. We think that the medium and process for phytase production by the marine yeast strain were very simple, and such marine yeast from the gut of natural marine fish may have a potential application in the maricultural industry and marine environmental protection. The results demonstrate that phytate was actively degraded by the crude phytase within a short period.
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PMID:Phytase production by a marine yeast Kodamea ohmeri BG3. 1840 48

Very challenging analytical problems arise from the continuous introduction in agriculture of chemical pesticides. Particularly, diquat (DQ), paraquat (PQ) and difenzoquat (DF) are a difficult group of quaternary ammonium herbicides to analyze. This article reviews and addresses the most relevant analytical methods for determining the selected herbicides in soil. We discuss and critically evaluate procedures, such as digestion-based methods, shaking extraction and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE). Clean-up of extracts was performed by solid-phase extraction (SPE) using silica cartridges. Detection of these herbicides was carried out by liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to UV detection and mass spectrometry (MS) as confirmatory technique. Recoveries ranged from 98% to 100% by digestion, from no recovered to 61% by shaking, and from 102% to 109% by MAE with estimated quantification limits between 1.0 microg/kg and 2.0 microg/kg by digestion and 5.0 mug/kg and 7.5 microg/kg by MAE using LC/MS-MS as detection technique. The recoveries obtained under the optimum conditions are compared and discussed with those obtained from digestion extraction and MAE.
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PMID:Determination of quaternary ammonium herbicides in soils. Comparison of digestion, shaking and microwave-assisted extractions. 1842 76

A bacteria strain F-10 was isolated from activated carbon, which was processed with sand filtered water from Songhua River for a long time, pre-oxidized with ozone, PPC and ferrate. The bacterial strain was capable of utilizing nonylphenol (NP) as sole carbon source and identified as Rhodococcus erythropolis with the Sherlock Microbial Identification System (MIS) from the MIDI Corporation. The optimal conditions for NP biodegradation in the shaking flasks were at 30 degrees C and pH 6.0. Under those conditions, NP at concentration of 1 mg/L was biodegraded by 62% with 2% of inoculum amount. The biodegradation reaction fitted well with first-order kinetic model, with a degradation rate constants (k) of 0.0865 d(-1) and half-lives (t1/2) of 8.0 d. Aerobic degradation rate for NP was enhanced by increased level of NH4+, Mn2+, Mg2+, and NaCl, and by addition of glucose, NaAc, and yeast extract as well as by reduced level of Ca2+, Cu2+, Fe2+, and phosphate, while no apparent effect of original NP concentration was observed. The combination of F-10 with other 27 bacterial strains which were also isolated from activated carbon expressed better biodegradation effectiveness.
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PMID:[Isolation, identification and biodegradation characteristics of A bacterial strain able to degrade nonylphenol]. 1844 46

The extreme microorganisms Ferroplasma spp., play an important role in bioleaching of sulphide ores at low pH value and temperatures around 50 degrees C. Without cell wall, Ferroplasma spp. is sensitive to pulp density, shearing force and heavy metal ions. Thus it is difficult to obtain their high cell density cultures, which limits the large-scale industrial application. In this paper, the optimum culture conditions of Ferroplasma thermophilum were studied by shaking culture. The results showed that the optimum culture conditions are as follows: 50 degrees C, initial pH 0.5, 50 mL working volume in 250 mL shaking-flask, inorganic nitrogen source (NH4)2SO4. The optimum combination of FeSO4.7H2O, yeast extract and peptone was determined by orthogonal experiments, including FeSO4.7H2O 40 g/L, yeast extract 0.3 g/L, peptone 0.2 g/L. Under the optimum culture conditions, the cell density was up to 6.3 x 10(7) cell/mL, and the oxidation of 40 g/L ferrous sulfate heptahydrate was finished in less than 72 hours. The results might provide information for scale-up of archaeon culture as well as its industrial application.
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PMID:[Optimization of culture condition of a moderately thermophilic acidophilic Ferroplasma thermophilum]. 1880 89

The extraction of copper(II) from strongly acidic solution (0.01-8M hydrochloric acid) with ammonium 1-pyrrolidinecarbodithioate in isobutyl methyl ketone has been investigated. The shaking time needed for quantitative extraction decreases as the acidity is increased. The effect of the mutual solubility of the organic solvent and the aqueous phase is significant when the acidity of the aqueous phase is increased. The acidity of the aqueous phase mainly affects the kinetic stability of the chelate during the shaking period, rather than the decomposition of the chelating agent. The kinetic stability of the chelate apparently depends on the mole ratio of reagent to copper, the half-lives for the chelate extracted from 4M hydrochloric acid being 29.0, 40.0 and 85.0 min for reagent: metal mole ratios of 10, 100 and 1000, respectively.
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PMID:Effect of acidity on the extraction and kinetic stability of the copper(II)/APCD/IBMK system in strongly acidic media. 1896 90

A fungal strain was selected from the microbial repository of the North-East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, India, which could produce a high yield of L-amino acid oxidase. 18SrRNA, ITS1, 5.8SrRNA ITS2, and partial 28 S rRNA sequencing and phenotypic characteristics indicate that it belong to the species Aspergillus fumigatus (designated as P13). Maximum production of enzyme (59.55 x 10-3 U/mg dry cell mass) was obtained in a medium containing 10 g/L glucose, 4 g/L yeast extract, and 4 g/L ammonium sulfate, with 20 mmol/L of L-threonine as the inducer. The optimum temperature for enzyme production was 30 degrees C at pH 7.0, with a shaking speed of 200 r/min. At 96 h, the enzyme activity was maximum. The A. fumigatus P13 L-amino acid oxidase accepts a broad substrate range, and the maximum enzyme activity (20.41 x 10-3 U/mg dry cell mass) was obtained with 50 mmol/L of L-tyrosine. In the literature, no reports have been found regarding the production of L-amino acid oxidase by A. fumigatus. The enzyme showed enantiomerically pure amino acid formation, which has tremendous demand in industrial applications.
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PMID:Optimization of medium and cultivation conditions for L-amino acid oxidase production by Aspergillus fumigatus. 1989 52

Bacterium Providencia rettgeri YL was found to exhibit an unusual ability to heterotrophically nitrify and aerobically denitrify various concentrations of ammonium (NH4+-N). In order to further understand its removal ability, several experiments were conducted to identify the growth and ammonium removal response at different carbon to nitrogen (C/N) mass ratios, shaking speeds, temperatures, ammonium concentrations and to qualitatively verify the production of nitrogen gas using gas chromatography techniques. Results showed that under optimum conditions (C/N 10, 30 degrees C, 120 r/min), YL can significantly remove low and high concentrations of ammonium within 12 to 48 h of growth, respectively. The nitrification products hydroxylamine (NH2OH), nitrite (NO2(-)) and nitrate (NO3(-)) as well as the denitrification product, nitrogen gas (N2), were detected under completely aerobic conditions.
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PMID:Heterotrophic ammonium removal characteristics of an aerobic heterotrophic nitrifying-denitrifying bacterium, Providencia rettgeri YL. 1999 86

In this paper, a solid-phase extraction (SPE) method based on mixed hemimicelles of cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) on silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) is developed for extraction and preconcentration of compounds from the biological samples. We selected rhein and emodin which are the major active anthraquinones of rhubarb as model analytes. A high performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection (HPLC/FLD) method was developed for the determination of rhein and emodin in urine and serum samples. The main factors influencing the extraction efficiency including the amount of surfactant, the concentration of MNPs, the shaking time and the desorption ability of organic solvents were investigated and optimized. No interferences were caused by proteins or endogenous compounds in urine and serum samples. Good linearities (r(2)>0.9995) for all calibration curves were obtained, and the limits of detection (LODs) for rhein and emodin were 0.2 and 0.5 ng/mL in urine samples and 7 and 10 ng/mL in serum samples, respectively. Satisfactory recoveries (92.76-109.90% and 97.53-107.72% for rhein and emodin) in the biological matrices were achieved.
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PMID:Mixed hemimicelles SPE based on CTAB-coated Fe3O4/SiO2 NPs for the determination of herbal bioactive constituents from biological samples. 2015 26

The present study dealt with the decolorization of textile dye Reactive Black-5 by actively growing mycelium of Aspergillus niger MT-1 in molasses medium. It was found that the fungus, which was isolated from the effluent of sugar fabric-contaminated soil, was capable of decolorizing the Reactive Black-5 dye in a wide range of temperature, shaking speed and pH values. The experiments also revealed that highest dye decolorization efficiency was achieved with cheap carbon (molasses sucrose) and nitrogen (ammonium chloride) sources. Under the optimized culture conditions, the complete decolorization (100%) of 0.1 g/L dye was achieved in 60 hours. The dominant mechanism of dye removal by the fungus was found to be probably bioaccumulation. Fungal growth in small uniform pellet form was found to be better for dye bioacumulation. Molass as carbon source increased dye bioaccumulation by stimulating the mycelial growth in small uniform pellet form. The maximum bioaccumulation efficiency of fungus for dye was 91% (0.273 g bioaccumulated dye) at an initial dye concentration of 0.3 g/L in 100 hours. It was shown for the first time in the present study that the effluent of sugar fabric-contaminated soil was a good source of microorganisms, being capable of decolorizing snythetic textile dyes.
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PMID:Reactive dye bioaccumulation by fungus Aspergillus niger isolated from the effluent of sugar fabric-contaminated soil. 2023 94

An extensive study of the foaming properties of a surfactant mixture consisting of the non-ionic dodecyldimethyl phosphineoxide (C(12)DMPO) and the cationic dodecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (C(12)TAB) with mixing ratios of C(12)DMPO:C(12)TAB = 1:0, 50:1, 1:1, 1:50, 0:1 is performed both above and below the critical micelle concentration. Foamability and foam stability were examined using the commercially available FoamScan (sparging), the standardised Ross-Miles (pouring) and a home-built winding (shaking) technique. The focus, however, was on FoamScan measurements as they allowed for the evaluation of the foam's liquid content. The foamability and foam stability of C(12)TAB was found to be larger than that of C(12)DMPO. The foamability continually increased with increasing C(12)TAB content in the surfactant mixture, which reflects the reduction of the diffusion relaxation time (i.e. faster adsorption). Where possible correlations are drawn between the foam properties on the one hand and adsorption and foam film properties on the other hand, which were studied previously. Interestingly, the 1:1 mixture shows weak/negligible surfactant interactions but--counterintuitively--an increased foam stability compared to the single surfactant systems. However, at this ratio charge neutralization occurs, which leads to the formation of a Newton Black Film thus suggesting that the foam film type plays an important role in the foam stability.
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PMID:Foaming properties of mixtures of a non-ionic (C12DMPO) and an ionic surfactant (C12TAB). 2038 96


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