Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0040822 (tremor)
 18,428 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A liquid chromatography (LC)/fluorescence procedure was validated for emamectin (EM B1a) and desmethylamino-emamectin (DMAEM B1a) residues in lobster tissue. They were extracted by shaking and sonicating with 1% ammonium acetate-methanol in the presence of sand. The extract was concentrated, partitioned with ethyl acetate, and cleaned up on a propylsulfonic cation exchange cartridge. The analytes were eluted from the cartridge with 5% ammonium hydroxide-methyl acetate, the eluate was concentrated, and the solvent was changed to dry 20% ethyl acetate-acetonitrile before derivatization with trifluoroacetic anhydride-N-methylimidizole. The products were analyzed by LC-fluorescence, and no interference [>limit of detection (LOD)] was detected in the control samples. Lobster tissues fortified with EM B1a and DMAEM B1a at 0.5, 5, 10, 25, and 50 ng/g gave overall mean recoveries of 96.7 +/- 12.4%, relative standard deviation (RSD) = 12.8% for EM B1 and 83.6 +/- 12.1%, RSD = 14.5% for DMAEM B1a. Regression analysis of the calibration data gave slopes of 0.90 (EM B1a) and 0.71 (DMAEM B1a) with an r2 = 0.99 for both compounds. The calculated LOD and limit of quantification (LOQ) for EM B1a were 1.10 and 3.32 ng/g, respectively, and for DMAEM B1a were 0.762 and 2.31 ng/g, respectively. Residues of EM B1a and DMAEM B1a in fortified lobster tissues stored at -20 degrees C showed that residues were stable for 10-12 months. No loss of EM B1a and DMAEM B1a residues was observed after 3 freeze/thaw cycles of fortified tissue in a 5-day period.
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PMID:Liquid chromatography/fluorescence method for emamectin B1a and desmethylamino-emamectin B1a residues in lobster tissue. 1722 16

We investigated the effect of different dispersion methods on release behavior and efficacy onset following microparticle administration of buserelin acetate (BA) sustained-release injection. In this in vitro release study, the initial dispersion of BA increased with increased stirring speed (p<0.01). Stability of BA was studied over 7 days after BA release. The initial BA release rate was higher (p<0.01) after a 1-min vibration dispersion method (VDM) using a test tube mixer (2000 rpm) compared with the standard dispersion method (SDM) by hand. Without shaking, powder aggregation was observed, and BA release was lower than in either the SDM or VDM methods. In this study using 4-week-old Sprague-Dawley female rats, the initial plasma estrone (E(1)) concentrations were lower (p<0.05) in the VDM method than in the SDM method. Observations by optical microscope and scanning microscope showed no change in microparticle shape or distribution of size induced by SDM, VDM or the ultrasonication dispersion method. These results suggest that different dispersion methods do not change the shape and distribution of microparticle size, but clearly change the BA release rate and the transition in plasma E(1) concentrations that can affect drug efficacy.
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PMID:Buserelin acetate microparticle dispersion effects drug release and plasma E(1) levels. 1739 44

Disease progression and advancing disability will supervene in the majority of multiple sclerosis patients who are followed over the long-term. This process can begin insidiously from the onset of the disease (primary progression) or after one or more clinical flares (secondary progression). The factors which lead to progression of disability are incompletely understood. The progressive forms of multiple sclerosis have been remarkably resistant to treatment. The legacy of heroic immunosuppression as a treatment for the disease progression has been modest indeed although there is some recent enthusiasm for immunosuppression with agents like mitoxantrone. In the last decade, the treatment of relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis has been revitalised by the interferons and glatiramer acetate. The robust treatment effect on the magnetic resonance imaging burden of the disease and the modest treatment effect in the suppression of clinical attacks have raised hopes that these agents might stall the disease in its progressive phase. Recent clinical trials with the interferons are indeed showing promise for modest clinical efficacy in patients selected for treatment on the basis of chronic progression. Given the weakness of the current treatment, the essence of disease management remains the handling of the complications of the disease. The management of bladder disturbances, spasticity, pain, depression, emotional lability, paroxysmal disorders, fatigue and heat intolerance, tremor and sexual dysfunction is reviewed.
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PMID:Treatment of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis: current recommendations and future prospects. 1803 Nov 81

This work was aimed at optimizing a protein extraction procedure for date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) leaves, a highly recalcitrant plant tissue for 2-DE. Five protein extraction protocols based on different protein precipitation agents (TCA/acetone vs. phenol (Ph) methods) and protein resolubilization methods (physical treatments, e.g., sonication, shaking and/or heating) were tested. Ph/SDS extraction with methanol/ammonium acetate precipitation, followed by DOC preincubation and TCA/acetone precipitation and, finally, solubilization by shaking in rehydration solution was found to be the best protein extraction method. We conclude that DOC with TCA/acetone precipitation step eliminates interfering compounds, thus allowing efficient resolubilization of date palm leaf proteins. This method could be appropriate for proteomic studies such as date palm colonization by entomopathogenic fungi.
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PMID:Protein extraction from Phoenix dactylifera L. leaves, a recalcitrant material, for two-dimensional electrophoresis. 1806 36

High N-acetyl-L-aspartate (NAA) levels prevail as a free amino acid in vertebrate brains. NAA is synthesized from aspartate and acetyl Co-A, or is liberated by the hydrolyzation of N-acetyl-L-aspartyl-glutamate in mitochondria before being metabolized by aspartoacylase to aspartate and acetate in the cytosol of glial cells. The tremor rat (tm/tm), derived from a Kyoto-Wistar colony, shows absence-like seizures with 5- to 7-Hz spike-wave-like complexes in cortical and hippocampal electroencephalograms (EEG). Genomic microdeletion was found within the aspartoacylase-encoding tm critical region, where an increase in the NAA level was noted. Intracerebroventricular NAA induced absence-like seizures, convulsive seizures or both in epileptic EEG of Wistar rats. NAA activated the hippocampal CA3 neurons of Wistar rats via the metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) in acutely dissociated hippocampal CA3 neurons. The mechanism of NAA action on CA3 neurons was examined with intracellular recording of Wistar and tremor rat hippocampal slices to evaluate the role of NAA in neuronal networks. Bath application of NAA (10 microM-1mM) dose-dependently induced depolarization in CA3 neurons of Wistar and tremor rats. Cadmium (a Ca(2+) channel antagonist) and GDEE (an ionotropic glutamate receptor antagonist) did not affect NAA-induced depolarization. Although ACPD (a nonspecific mGluR agonist) induced similar depolarizations in CA3 neurons, MCPG (a mGluR antagonist) inhibited NAA-induced depolarization. These results suggest that NAA probably activates hippocampal CA3 neurons via the mGluR in a neuronal network.
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PMID:N-acetyl-L-aspartate activates hippocampal CA3 neurons in rodent slice preparations. 1835 43

A modification of a rapid and inexpensive multiresidue method for determination of pesticides in fruits and vegetables (QuEChERS method) is presented. Samples were extracted by shaking with acetic acid-acetonitrile (1 + 99). Water was removed by liquid-liquid partitioning with magnesium sulfate and sodium acetate. The extract was subjected to a single solid-phase extraction (SPE) column cleanup, which produced a cleaner extract than did the dispersive SPE cleanup used in the original QuEChERS method. Recovery data were obtained for 316 pesticide residues, at levels ranging from 20 ppb to 1.0 ppm. Data were provided by 3 different laboratories. The modified QuEChERS method resulted in a 65% reduction in solvent usage, when compared with the traditional multiresidue methods previously used in our laboratories.
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PMID:A rapid multiresidue method for determination of pesticides in fruits and vegetables by using acetonitrile extraction/partitioning and solid-phase extraction column cleanup. 1847 58

The relationship between biomass concentration to nutrient and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal in mixed liquor supplemented with sodium acetate was investigated, using three protozoan isolates and three different initial biomass concentrations (10(1), 10(2) and 10(3) cells/mL). The study was carried out in a shaking flask environment at a shaking speed of 100 rpm for 96 h at 25 degrees C. Aliquot samples were taken periodically for the determination of phosphate, nitrate, COD and dissolved oxygen, using standard methods. The results revealed remarkable phosphate removal of 82-95% at biomass concentration of 10(3)cells/mL. A high nitrate removal of over 87% was observed at all initial biomass concentration in mixed liquor. There was an observed COD increase of over 50% in mixed liquor in at the end of 96-h incubation and this was irrespective of initial biomass concentration used for inoculation. The study shows the trend in nutrient and COD removal at different biomass concentrations of the test isolates in mixed liquor.
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PMID:Protozoan biomass relation to nutrient and chemical oxygen demand removal in activated sludge mixed liquor. 1854 41

The present study investigates the effects of divalent and trivalent manganese (Mn(2+)/Mn(3+)) mixture inhalation on mice to obtain a novel animal model of Parkinson disease (PD) inducing bilateral and progressive cell death in the substantia nigra compacta (SNc) and correlating these alterations with motor disturbances. CD-1 male mice inhaled a mixture of 0.04 M manganese chloride (MnCl(2)) and manganese acetate (Mn(OAc)(3)), 1 h twice a week for 5 months. Before Mn exposure, animals were trained to perform motor function tests and were evaluated each week after the exposure. By doing this, overall behavior was assessed by ratings and by videotaped analyses; by the end of Mn exposure period, animals were killed. The mesencephalon was processed for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunocytochemistry. After 5 months of Mn mixture inhalation, mice developed evident deficits in their motor performance manifested as akinesia, postural instability and action tremor. SNc of the Mn-exposed animals showed an important decrease (67.58%) in the number of TH-immunopositive neurons. Our data provide evidence that MnCl(2) and Mn(OAc)(3) mixture inhalation produces similar morphological and behavioral alterations to those observed in PD providing a useful experimental model for the study of this neurodegenerative disease.
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PMID:Inhalation of divalent and trivalent manganese mixture induces a Parkinson's disease model: immunocytochemical and behavioral evidences. 1856 81

A system for separation of zinc traces from large amounts of cadmium is proposed in this paper. It is based on the solid-phase extraction of the zinc in the form of thiocyanate complexes by the polyurethane foam. The following parameters were studied: effect of pH and of the thiocyanate concentration on the zinc extraction, shaking time required for quantitative extraction, amount of PU foam necessary for complete extraction, conditions for the separation of zinc from cadmium, influence of other cations and anions on the zinc sorption by PU foam, and required conditions for back extraction of zinc from the PU foam. The results show that zinc traces can be separated from large amounts of cadmium at pH 3.0+/-0.50, with the range of thiocyanate concentration from 0.15 to 0.20 mol l(-1), and the shaking time of 5 min. The back extraction of zinc can be done by shaking it with water for 10 min. Calcium, barium, strontium, magnesium, aluminum, nickel and iron(II) are efficiently separated. Iron(III), copper(II) and cobalt(II) are extracted simultaneously with zinc, but the iron reduction with ascorbic acid and the use of citrate to mask copper(II) and cobalt(II) increase the selectivity of the zinc extraction. The anions nitrate, chloride, sulfate, acetate, thiosulphate, tartarate, oxalate, fluoride, citrate, and carbonate do not affect the zinc extraction. Phosphate and EDTA must be absent. The method proposed was applied to determine zinc in cadmium salts using 4-(2-pyridylazo)-resorcinol (PAR) as a spectrophotometric reagent. The result achieved did not show significant difference in the accuracy and precision (95% confidence level) with those obtained by ICP-AES analysis.
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PMID:Quantitative separation of zinc traces from cadmium matrices by solid-phase extraction with polyurethane foam. 1896 83

A liquid-liquid extraction method using diethyl ether as organic solvent was optimized simultaneously for five 1,4-dihydropyridines (amlodipine, nitrendipine, felodipine, lacidipine and lercanidipine) belonging to the group of calcium channel blockers. Some experimental tools such as a full factorial design, a central composite design and the Multisimplex program were used to optimise the concentration of NaOH, volume of organic solvent and shaking time as main factors that influence the liquid-liquid extraction procedure. Following the extraction, the quantitation of the 1,4-dihydropyridines concentrations were performed by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detector. Therefore, the studied compounds were separated quantitatively on a Supelcosil ABZ+Plus, 25cmx4.6mm i.d., 5mum column which was set at 30 degrees C, using as mobile phase, a mixture of acetonitrile-water (70:30, v/v) containing 10mM acetate buffer (pH 5) and setting the detector at a wavelength value of 360nm. It was concluded that the main factors that influence in the extraction process were the volume of organic solvent and the shaking time. The Multisimplex program suggested as optimal conditions an average of 6ml of organic solvent and 23min of shaking time. For these values, the optimised liquid-liquid extraction method showed good values of recoveries (80% for amlodipine and higher than 90% for the rest of the compounds) and low values of R.S.D. (<10%) in the reproducibility of the extraction what makes it reliable for the quantification of all the studied compounds in human plasma.
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PMID:Development of a liquid-liquid extraction procedure for five 1,4-dihydropyridines calcium channel antagonists from human plasma using experimental design. 1897 Feb 61


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