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 18,428 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A historical group of 45 children (4-18 years) and adults (18-39 years) with classical galactosemia had deficits of cognitive function that were variable and not related to the age at diagnosis or to severity of illness at presentation. There was a trend for patients to score highest on visual processing tasks. The standardized tests of speech and memory skills fell within the same range as the Broad Cognitive Ability score, indicating that the speech and language deficits may be part of a more global set of cognitive impairments. Scores on the Beery Visual Motor Integration and Block Design Tests fell in approximately the same range as other cognitive abilities. In addition, there was a high incidence of abnormality detected on MRI and 12 patients had neurologic symptoms that included ataxia, tremor and dysmetria. These abnormalities did not correlate with the age at diagnosis, severity of illness at presentation or scores on cognitive testing. The pathophysiology of neurologic and neuropsychologic impairments remains unknown. Since these appear to be unrelated to the duration of galactose exposure, other factors impacting on outcome need to be understood so that strategies can be developed to improve what appears to be a global impairment of cognitive function.
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PMID:Cognitive functioning, neurologic status and brain imaging in classical galactosemia. 767 58

Galactosemia is an autosomal recessive, inborn error of galactose metabolism due to the deficiency of galactose-I-phosphate uridyl transferase. Late-onset neurologic complications may develop despite Galactose restriction. Three adult patients are reported. They suffered from mental retardation. Two of them developed progressive cerebellar ataxia, spastic gait and postural tremor. The magnetic resonance imaging revealed moderate cortical atrophy, multifocal areas of increased signal in the periventricular white matter on T2-weighted images, and in one case, abnormal myelination. The Fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose position emission tomography showed different patterns of regional hypometabolism.
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PMID:[Late neurologic complications of galactosemia: study of 3 cases]. 767 42

We have previously shown that shaking the culture plates (SHAKE) of rabbit renal proximal tubule cells (RPTC) to maintain adequate aeration increased aerobic metabolism and decreased the induction of glycolysis compared to RPTC cultured under standard conditions (STILL). However, glycolysis in SHAKE RPTC remained elevated compared to glycolysis in proximal tubules in vivo. In the present study the contribution of culture medium sugar composition and concentration to glycolytic metabolism was assessed in RPTC. SHAKE and STILL RPTC cultured in 5 mM glucose contained lactate levels equivalent to the respective SHAKE and STILL RPTC cultured in standard culture medium which contains 17.5 mM glucose. Similarly, the activity of lactate dehydrogenase was unchanged by lowering the medium glucose concentration. Substituting 5 mM galactose for 5 mM glucose in the culture medium significantly reduced the lactate content of both SHAKE and STILL RPTC but had no effect on lactate dehydrogenase activity. Cell growth was equivalent under all culture conditions. Sensitivity to mitochondrial inhibition was determined for each culture condition by measuring cell death after exposure to the respiratory inhibitor antimycin A. The results showed a hierarchy of sensitivity to antimycin A (5 mM galactose SHAKE > 5 mM glucose SHAKE > 17.5 mM glucose SHAKE = 17.5 mM glucose STILL), which was generally inversely correlated with the level of glycolysis as measured by lactate content (17.5 mM glucose STILL > 17.5 mM glucose SHAKE = 5 mM glucose SHAKE > 5 mM galactose SHAKE).
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PMID:Decreasing glycolysis increases sensitivity to mitochondrial inhibition in primary cultures of renal proximal tubule cells. 819 71

Cytotoxins have been implicated in the pathogenesis of bacterial infections. In this study, the influence of different culture conditions was evaluated on cytotoxin production of Serratia marcescens. Parameters such as culture media, incubation temperature, starting pH of culture medium, aeration, anaerobiosis, carbon sources, iron concentration in he culture media, and release of cell-bond toxin by polymyxin B were investigated. The data suggest that this cytotoxin is predominantly extracellular and is not induced by iron limitation. Aerobic culture with shaking resulted in higher cytotoxicity than static aerobic or anaerobic culture. Bacteria grown in glucose, sucrose or galactose were more cytotoxic than those grown in inositol or maltose. The culture conditions that were identified as optimal for cytotoxin production by Serratia marcescens were incubation temperature ranging from 30 to 37 degrees C, in medium adjusted pH 8.5, with shaking. This work will contribute to further studies on the identification of this cytotoxic activity.
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PMID:Culture conditions affect cytotoxin production by Serratia marcescens. 911 49

A total of 498 porcine embryos at various stages of development collected from superovulated gilts was used to investigate cryopreservation. First, blastocysts (BL), expanded blastocysts (ExB), and hatched blastocysts (HB) were used to determine the effect of exposure to concentrated solutions of ethylene glycol as cryoprotective additives (CPAs) on embryo survival. Then, survival of other embryos after vitrification by rapid cooling was determined. Based on their development after 48 h in culture, embryos were not injured by being exposed to 2.0 M ethylene glycol (EG) for 15 min or to 2.0 M EG for 5 min and then to a solution of 8.0 M EG in 7% polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) for 1 min. The CPAs were removed from the embryos by diluting them with 1.7 M galactose. To vitrify the embryos, they were exposed to 2.0 M EG for 5 min and then were pipetted directly into short columns of 8.0 M EG-PVP contained within (1.25-ml plastic straws and separated from long columns of 1.7 M galactose by an air bubble. The straws were plunged directly into LN2. After the straws were warmed rapidly in a 25 degrees C water bath, the embryos were immediately mixed with galactose within the straws by shaking them vigorously to mix the contents. In sequential experiments, three methods were used to dilute the CPA solutions. Method 1: Embryos in the EG-PVP-galactose mixture were expelled from the straws and rinsed and cultured in modified CZB medium (mCZB). Method II: Embryos in the mixture were placed briefly into 1.5 M EG and then rinsed and cultured in mCZB. Method III: Embryos in the mixture were rinsed in 1.0 M EG and then in 0.5 M EG and finally rinsed with mCZB and cultured. After 48 h in culture, the respective percentages of survival of embryos vitrified as BL, ExB, or HB were: Method I, 21, 32, and 13%; Method II, 9, 40, and 24%; Method III, 35, 85, and 71%. Of 20 additional ExB vitrified embryos diluted by Method III and transferred into a recipient, four developed into live piglets; two other recipients failed to litter although one had been pregnant for 65 days. These results demonstrate that porcine embryos can be successfully cryopreserved by rapid cooling in EG-PVP and by careful dilution of the CPA after warming.
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PMID:Piglets produced by transfer of vitrified porcine embryos after stepwise dilution of cryoprotectants. 950 Sep 30

Zygosaccharomyces lentus is a yeast species recently identified from its physiology and 18S ribosomal sequencing (Steels et al. 1999).The physiological characteristics of five strains of this new yeast so far isolated were investigated, particularly those of technical significance for a spoilage yeast, namely temperature range, pH range, osmotolerance, sugar fermentation, resistance to food preservatives such as sorbic acid, benzoic acid and dimethyldicarbonate (DMDC; Velcorin). Adaptation to benzoic acid, and growth in shaking and static culture were also investigated. Zygosaccharomyces lentus strains grew over a wide range of temperature (4-25 degrees C) and pH 2.2-7.0. Growth at 4 degrees C was significant. Zygosaccharomyces lentus strains grew at 25-26 degrees C in static culture but were unable to grow in aerobic culture close to their temperature maximum. All Z. lentus strains grew in 60% w/v sugar and consequently, are osmotolerant. Zygosaccharomyces lentus strains could utilize sucrose, glucose or fructose as a source of fermentable sugar, but not galactose. Zygosaccharomyces lentus strains were resistant to food preservatives, growing in sorbic acid up to 400 mg l-1 and benzoic acid to 900 mg l-1 at pH 4.0. Adaptation to higher preservative concentrations was demonstrated with benzoic acid. Resistance to DMDC was shown to be greater than that of Z. bailii and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This study confirms that Z. lentus is an important food spoilage organism potentially capable of growth in a wide range of food products, particularly low pH, high sugar foods and drinks. It is likely to be more significant than Z. bailii in the spoilage of chilled products.
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PMID:Zygosaccharomyces lentus: a significant new osmophilic, preservative-resistant spoilage yeast, capable of growth at low temperature. 1058 79

Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 has been used as a probiotic against intestinal disorders for many decades. It is a good colonizer of the human gut and has been reported to be able to express type 1 fimbriae. Type 1 fimbriae are surface organelles which mediate alpha-D-mannose-sensitive binding to various host cell surfaces. The expression is phase variable, and two tyrosine recombinases, FimB and FimE, mediate the inversion of the fimbrial phase switch. Current evidence suggests that FimB can carry out recombination in both directions, whereas FimE-catalyzed switching is on to off only. We show here that under liquid shaking growth conditions, Nissle 1917 did not express type 1 fimbriae, due to a truncation of the fimB gene by an 1,885-bp insertion element. Despite its fimB null status, Nissle 1917 was still capable of off-to-on switching of the phase switch and expressing type 1 fimbriae when grown under static conditions. This phase switching was not catalyzed by FimE, by truncated FimB, or by information residing within the insertion element. No further copies of fimB seemed to be present on the chromosome of Nissle 1917, suggesting that another tyrosine recombinase in Nissle 1917 is responsible for the low-frequency off-to-on inversion of the phase switch that is strongly favored under static growth conditions. This is the first report documenting the non-FimB- or non-FimE-catalyzed inversion of the fim switch.
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PMID:Type 1 fimbriation and phase switching in a natural Escherichia coli fimB null strain, Nissle 1917. 1060 Dec 3

Seven isolates each of Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis were paired (11 pairs) and examined for competitive interaction. Equal numbers of CFU of each competitor were inoculated into Sabouraud dextrose broth and incubated at 37 degrees C with vigorous shaking under conditions favorable to either broth or biofilm growth. Surviving proportions of each competitor were calculated from the broth culture at 24 and 96 h and the biofilm culture at 96 h, with species differentiation done on CHROMagar Candida medium. C. albicans had a competitive advantage over C. dubliniensis in broth culture and under biofilm growing conditions; however, with the presence of a supporting structure for biofilm formation, C. dubliniensis was able to better withstand the competitive pressures from C. albicans.
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PMID:Growth competition between Candida dubliniensis and Candida albicans under broth and biofilm growing conditions. 1065 13

Extracellular polymeric material (EP), comprising the matrix of Candida albicans biofilms, was isolated and its composition was compared with that of EP obtained from culture supernatants of planktonically grown (suspended) organisms. Both preparations consisted of carbohydrate, protein, phosphorus and hexosamine, but biofilm EP contained significantly less total carbohydrate (41%) and protein (5%) than planktonic EP. It also had a higher proportion of glucose (16%) and contained galactose, suggesting that it might possess components unique to biofilms. To investigate whether the EP matrix plays a role in the resistance of biofilms to antifungal agents, susceptibility profiles of biofilms incubated statically (which have relatively little matrix) were compared with those for biofilms incubated with gentle shaking (which produce much more matrix material). Biofilms grown with or without shaking did not exhibit significant differences in susceptibility to any of the drugs tested, indicating that drug resistance is unrelated to the extent of matrix formation. However, biofilms formed on two different types of polyvinyl chloride catheter, obtained from different manufacturers, showed differences in susceptibility to amphotericin B, suggesting that drug resistance may arise as a result of highly specific, surface-induced gene expression.
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PMID:Matrix polymers of Candida biofilms and their possible role in biofilm resistance to antifungal agents. 1098 Jan 66

An intermittent feeding system for shaking-flasks was developed to close the gap between batch operated shaking-flasks and fed-batch operated as well as pH-controlled stirred tank reactors. A precise syringe pump was connected via a substrate distribution system to individual 2/2-way miniature valves, one for each of up to 16 shaking-flask. The shaking-flasks were equipped with pH-probes. A process computer controls the intermittent feeding of substrates by tracking predefined individual feeding profiles as well as the base (or acid) addition for individual pH-control of the shaking-flasks. Higher concentrations of aerobic cells with higher cellular activities were achieved in fed-batch operated and pH-controlled shaking-flasks as compared to the conventional batch operation. Physiological effects of an intermittent feeding were studied in a stirred tank reactor with a recombinant E. coli strain, which expressed the GDP-mannose-pyrophosphorylase enzyme under the control of the lac-promoter.
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PMID:Parallel substrate feeding and pH-control in shaking-flasks. 1117 6


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