Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0040822 (tremor)
 18,428 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A yin-yang hypothesis is presented linking noradrenergic activity, thromboxane, melatonin, left hemisphere functioning, and cyclic AMP on the one hand, and dopamine, beta-endorphin, calcium, right hemisphere functioning, and cyclic GMP on the other. It is further suggested that there is a yoking of NA, TXA2, serotonin and melatonin in the left hemisphere, and a similar yoking of DA, BE, calcium and cGMP in the right. Evidence is presented to support the hypothesis that each element (NA, TXA2, etc.) on one side can modulate or balance a corresponding element (DA, BE, etc.) on the other. It is suggested that thromboxane is the key element in noradrenergic overactivity and that not taking this into consideration has confounded much prior research. This theory takes into account information processing models as well as pharmacological data and neurochemical theory on coupling of adenylate cyclase to its hormone receptors. Inhibiting noradrenergic overactivity can be obtained by inhibiting thromboxane and concomitantly activating opiate receptors. This protocol may have clinical utility in treating a wide range of disorders such as: anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, sleeplessness, withdrawal states, enuresis, Gilles de la Tourette syndrome, Parkinsonism, Alzheimers, dementia, anorexia, infant ruminations, essential tremor, spasticity of spinal cord injury, diarrhoea, ulcerative colitis, extrapyramidal symptoms, akathisia, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, attention deficit disorder, hyperhidrosis, and possibly AIDS.
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PMID:Inhibiting noradrenergic overactivity by inhibition of thromboxane and concomitant activation of opiate receptors via dietary means. 254 22

1, 4, 12 and 24 micrograms SOM 1397 CL, a new beta 2-adrenergic bronchodilator, were administered by inhalation to 10 healthy volunteers in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, within-subject crossover study in order to assess circulatory, tremorogenic and biochemical effects. 1 microgram SOM 1397 CL did not cause any relevant changes in the measured parameters. After administration of 4 micrograms a slight but continuous increase in tremor amplitude and c-AMP was observed. The effects on hemodynamics and other laboratory values could be considered negligible. Overdoses of 12 and 24 micrograms resulted in a dose-dependent increase in systolic blood pressure, pulse rate, tremor amplitude, alpha-AMP and lactic acid, as well as in a decrease of diastolic blood pressure and potassium. These effects may be partly attributable to beta 2-receptor stimulation. The method described in this paper can be applied as a useful tool for determination of beta 2-adrenergic activity in healthy volunteers, independent of the conventional methods which are used to evaluate efficacy of bronchodilators by the degree of bronchial muscular relaxation.
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PMID:Non-invasive evaluation of hemodynamic, tremorogenic and biochemical effects in response to beta-adrenoceptor stimulation. 256 95

In a group of ten patients with chronic asthmatic bronchitis, the effect of monotherapy with theophylline and terbutaline and the combination of both drugs, as sustained-release tablets, was compared to placebo, in a double-blind cross-over, triple dummy at random study. Lung function parameters, tremor measurements, c-AMP plasma levels, theophylline- and terbutaline-plasma levels were determinated. Monotherapy with theophylline and terbutaline in a relatively low dosage achieved a good lung function improvement without severe side effects, as compared to placebo. The combination of both drugs in the same dosage achieved a statistically significant enhancement of the lung function improvement, as compared to monotherapy, without an increase of side effects. An additional effect of theophylline and terbutaline on bronchodilation is demonstrated.
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PMID:Combination therapy of theophylline and terbutaline as sustained-release preparations in patients with asthmatic bronchitis. 282 49

In a group of ten patients with chronic asthmatic bronchitis, a good improvement of the lung function was achieved by a sustained-release terbutaline preparation (Bricanyl Retard) in a dosage of 5 mg twice daily. Tremor measurements and c-AMP plasma level showed a statistically significant increase. A good patient compliance was achieved with this dosage of terbutaline two times daily. The sustained-release preparation caused a rather constant and low terbutaline plasma level. We think that this relative low terbutaline plasma level is the most important reason for the lack of side effects.
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PMID:Terbutaline sustained-release treatment during one week 5 mg b.i.d. compared to one week placebo: terbutaline plasma levels, c-AMP plasma levels, lung function and tremor measurement. 282 50

1. Fourteen asthmatics (mean +/- s.e. mean baseline FEV1 62 +/- 6% of predicted) were given cumulative doubling doses of salbutamol by metered-dose inhaler as follows: 100 micrograms, 200 micrograms, 500 micrograms, 1000 micrograms, 2000 micrograms, 4000 micrograms. 2. Airways, tremor, haemodynamic and cyclic AMP responses were measured at each dose increment (made every 20 min). 3. There was a linear log dose-response relationship for each airways parameter (FEV1, VC, sGaw, FEF 50%). The plateau in the dose-response curve was not reached within our dose range. These changes were also mirrored in cyclic AMP responses. 4. There was a wide range in maximum airways response expressed in terms of absolute increase over baseline (95% confidence intervals: delta FEV1 667-1483 ml; delta VC 689-1695 ml; delta sGaw 0.92-4.50 s-1 kPa-1; delta FEF 50% 0.94-2.15 l s-1). Patients with a lower baseline showed a greater response in terms of percent increase in FEV1 (r = -0.83, P less than 0.001). There was however, no correlation between baseline airway calibre and the dose required for maximum bronchodilatation. 5. There were objective increases (mean +/- s.e. mean) in both heart rate (maximum delta HR of 14 +/- 5 beats min-1 at 4000 micrograms) and tremor power (maximum delta Tr of 115 +/- 44% at 2000 micrograms). These were not dose limiting side-effects as subjective symptoms were infrequent at higher doses. 6. Higher than conventional doses of salbutamol given by metered-dose inhaler may produce a distinct improvement in airways response without significant side-effects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Beta-adrenoceptor responses to high doses of inhaled salbutamol in patients with bronchial asthma. 284 69

After one week theophylline therapy with a sustained release preparation (TheoDur 200 and 300 mg), a mean theophylline level of 10 mg/l was obtained in a group of ten patients with chronic asthmatic bronchitis with a mean dosage of 760 mg theophylline/24 h. A good improvement of the lung function was achieved, although only statistically significant for the mid maximal expiratory flow rate (MMEF) and the end expiratory specific airway conductance (sGaw) compared to placebo therapy. Tremor measurements and cyclic-AMP determinations showed a slight increase after theophylline therapy compared to placebo, although not statistically significant.
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PMID:Lung function improvement, tremor measurements and c-AMP determinations in a group of ten patients with asthmatic bronchitis after one week sustained release theophylline medication (theophylline plasma level +/- 10 mg/l) compared to one week placebo. 302 13

We examined two sets of genes expressed early in the developmental cycle of Dictyostelium discoideum that appear to be regulated by cyclic AMP (cAMP). The transcripts of both sets of genes were not detectable in vegetative cells. During normal development on filter pads, RNA complementary to these genes could be detected at about 2 h, peaked around 6 to 8 h, and decreased gradually thereafter. Expression of these genes upon starvation in shaking culture was stimulated by pulsing the cells with nanomolar levels of cAMP, a condition that mimics the in vivo pulsing during normal aggregation. Expression was inhibited by caffeine or by continuous levels of cAMP, a condition found later in development when in vivo expression of these genes decreased. The inhibition of caffeine could be overcome by pulsing cells with cAMP. These results suggest that the expression is mediated via the cell surface cAMP receptor, but does not require a rise in intracellular cAMP. mRNA from a gene of the second class was induced upon starvation, peaked by 2.5 h of development, and then declined. In contrast to the other genes, its expression was maintained by continuous levels of cAMP and repressed by cAMP pulses. These and other results on a number of classes of developmentally regulated genes indicates that changing levels of cAMP, acting via the cell surface cAMP receptor, are involved in controlling these groups of genes. We also examined the structure and partial sequence of the cAMP pulse-induced genes. The two tandemly duplicated M3 genes were almost continuously homologous over the sequenced portion of the protein-coding region except for a region near the N-terminal end. The two M3 genes had regions of homology in the 5' flanking sequence and showed slight homology to the same regions in gene D2, another cAMP pulse-induced gene. D2 showed extremely significant homology over its entire sequenced length to an acetylcholinesterase. The results presented here and by others suggest that expression of many early genes in D. discoideum is regulated via the cell surface cAMP receptor. We expect that many of these genes may play essential roles in early Dictyostelium development and could code for elements of the cAMP signal transduction pathway involved in aggregation.
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PMID:Cyclic AMP regulation of early gene expression in Dictyostelium discoideum: mediation via the cell surface cyclic AMP receptor. 303 75

This study was designed to compare the initial tremor response to 4.0 mg albuterol and 5.0 mg terbutaline orally administered and to study the question of tachyphylaxis by rechallenge after 3 wk of maintenance dosing. Twenty fasting patients with severe COPD in whom orally administered sympathomimetics were withheld for 2 wk were challenged with single doses of each drug in a crossover, randomized fashion 1 wk apart. Then after a further 3 wk of dosing 3 times a day of the second medication (10 patients received each medication), they were challenged once more 16 h after the last dose. Rest and postural tremor were measured at zero and 2 h using an accelerometer affixed to the finger, and measurements of subjective tremor, tremor power spectrum, plasma cyclic AMP and lactate, and forced vital capacity were also made. Postural tremor increased from 25.05 to 36.20 relative units for albuterol, an increase of 11.15 units, and from 24.90 to 57.70 units for terbutaline, an increase of 32.80 units (difference significant at p = 0.01). Plasma cyclic AMP (p less than 0.01) and lactate (p = 0.05) increases were also less for albuterol, and the FEV1 and FVC responses, though about one third less, did not differ significantly. After 3 wk, mean baseline tremor for both drugs was elevated even 16 h after the last 3 times a day dosing (38.00 and 33.10) for albuterol and terbutaline (difference, NS), and responses were much less to the single tablet (3.40 and 9.10, respectively).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Comparison of tremor responses to orally administered albuterol and terbutaline. 376 27

Tremor produced in laboratory mice by the benzylimidoylurea derivative LON 954 was potentiated in a dose-dependent manner by a variety of typical and atypical neuroleptics. The most effective agents in this respect were those shown by other workers to have a selective action at dopamine receptors, notably the butyrophenones, thioxanthines and fluphenazine. Chlorpromazine and prochlorperazine produced inconsistent effects while clozapine and loxapine respectively delayed and prolonged the peak tremor response. While these findings support primary involvement of striatal dopaminergic mechanisms in LON 954 tremorogenesis, a reduction in cyclic AMP levels may be an important factor in the observed effects.
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PMID:Potentiation of LON 954 tremor by typical and atypical neuroleptics--an indication of striatal dopamine antagonism. 610 79

There is an increasing use and variety of beta-adrenoceptor blocking agents (beta-blockers) available for the treatment of hyperthyroidism. Recent comparative studies suggest that atenolol (200mg daily), metoprolol (200mg daily); acebutolol (400mg daily), oxprenolol ( 160mg daily), nadolol ( 80mg daily) and timolol (20mg daily) produce a beneficial clinical response equal to that seen with propranolol ( 160mg daily). Most beta-blockers reduce resting heart rate by approximately 25 to 30 beats/min, although a lesser reduction is seen with those possessing intrinsic sympathomimetic activity such as oxprenolol and pindolol. While earlier studies employing large doses of intravenous propranolol concluded that beta-blockade reduced myocardial contractility, more recent non-invasive studies suggest that the predominant cardiac effect is on heart rate. In patients with cardiac failure, beta-blockers may, however, produce a profound fall in cardiac output. Nevertheless, in combination with digoxin they may be useful in controlling the atrial fibrillation of thyrocardiac disease. beta-Blockers improve nervousness and tremor (although to a lesser extent with cardioselective agents) and severe myopathy, and they also reduce the frequency of paralysis in patients with thyrotoxic periodic paralysis. There is often subjective improvement in sweating but usually no major effect on eye signs. Recent studies show a 10% reduction in oxygen consumption/basal metabolic rate with long term oral use of selective or nonselective beta-blockers. In addition, many agents (propranolol, metoprolol, nadolol and sotalol but not acebutolol, atenolol or oxprenolol) reduce circulating tri-iodothyronine (T3) concentration by between 10 and 40%, although the clinical significance of this effect (if any) is not established. beta-Blockers may also have endocrinological effects on gastrin, cyclic AMP, catecholamines and other hormone levels. Given in adequate dosage, propranolol has been shown to control thyrotoxic hypercalcaemia. Minor side effects (nausea, headaches, tiredness, etc.) are quite common but overall beta-blockers are well tolerated by the thyrotoxic patient. The major use of these drugs is in symptomatic control while awaiting definitive diagnosis or treatment. As an adjunct to antithyroid drugs or radioactive iodine, beta-blockers will produce a satisfactory clinical response in the weeks to months before these forms of therapy produce a euthyroid state. beta-Blockers are more convenient than antithyroid drugs in the control of patients receiving therapeutic radioiodine, in that continuous therapy and assessment of biochemical response is possible.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Use of beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs in hyperthyroidism. 614 1


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