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Query: UMLS:C0040822 (tremor)
 18,428 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Ten liquid media were compared under standard conditions for their ability to support the growth of Legionella pneumophila. Modified gonococcal-ferric cysteine broth (without sodium chloride) supplemented with 1% yeast extract yielded the best overall growth of the one strain of L. pneumophila examined. Growth rates were independent of pH changes which occurred during incubation. The growth rates of 10 different strains of L.pneumophila were compared in this medium. There appeared to be little difference in the growth rates of strains passaged frequently or infrequently, or between environmental and clinical isolates. Moderate aeration resulted in a faster growth rate and in approximately a 1 log10 higher final cell concentration as compared to a static broth culture. These experiments demonstrate that there are moderate to marked differences among the various media described in the literature and that no liquid medium yet developed supports rapid growth of L. pneumophila incubated without shaking.
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PMID:Comparison of liquid growth media for Legionella pneumophila. 703 31

The sorption of diazepam in large-volume i.v. admixtures to administration-set components and in i.v. containers was analyzed quantitatively. Solubility of diazepam in phosphate buffer at various pH levels and in i.v. fluids was measured. Partition coefficients of diazepam into components of i.v. administration sets and i.v. containers were studied by shaking a solution of diazepam in 0.9% sodium chloride, with finely cut components and measuring the change in diazepam in the aqueous phase. Flow studies through an administration set of a 0.04-mg/ml diazepam solution in 5% dextrose injection were done, varying both the flow rate and the length of tubing. The maximum free-base solubility of diazepam in phosphate buffer was 0.048 mg/ml; its solubility was 0.058, 0.050, and 0.064 mg/ml in lactated Ringer's, 0.9% sodium chloride, and 5% dextrose injections, respectively. Equilibrium partition coefficients were highest for polyvinyl chloride tubing and flexible bags. Volume-control sets made of cellulose propionate had lower but sufficiently large partition coefficients to cause diazepam loss. Polyolefin semi-rigid and glass containers had low partition coefficients. In the flow studies, the amount of solution-contact time correlated with the extent of absorption. As flow rate decreased or tubing length increased, the amount of diazepam absorbed increased proportionately. A nomogram and a predictive dosing chart are presented for calculation of actual diazepam doses delivered at various flow rates and tubing lengths. Diazepam can be administered safely and effectively by i.v. infusion. The use of volume-control sets and flexible polyvinyl chloride bags should be avoided with diazepam solutions. Polyolefin semi-rigid containers are acceptable alternatives to glass. The concentration of diazepam infusions should not exceed 0.04 mg/ml.
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PMID:Factors affecting diazepam infusion: solubility, administration-set composition, and flow rate. 729 34

Aqueous dispersions of an acrylate-methacrylate, a water-insoluble copolymer, were prepared by a coacervation technique. Addition of sodium chloride (0.2 M) to the dispersion (10%, w/v) converted the system to a thixotropic gel which turns fluid on shaking and reverts to gel on standing. Phenol (0.03 M) inhibited the gelling effect of the electrolyte. Among the various phenolic compounds tested, phenol displayed the strongest and chlorocresol the weakest antigelling property. Sodium chloride reduced the electropotentials (index of particle-particle repulsiveness) of the polymer dispersions, while phenol increased the potentials. It is thought that the phenol solution acted as a dielectric which increased the interparticle repulsive potential, hence its antiflocculant effect.
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PMID:The effect of phenol on the electrolyte flocculation of certain polymeric dispersions to thixotropic gels. 845 67

The effects of carbon and nitrogen sources, incubation temperature, shaking speed, initial pH of culture broth as well as various concentration of NaCl on the production of cytotoxin by Salmonella choleraesuis SC-5 were evaluated in the present study. Results reveal that the optimal temperature, initial medium pH and shaking speed for cytotoxin production was 37 degrees C, pH 6.0-8.0 and 100 rpm, respectively. Tryptone was the best of the eight nitrogen sources tested for toxin production by S. choleraesuis. Among the nine carbon sources tested, S. choleraesuis produced a higher amount of cytotoxin in media containing glucose, fructose, galactose, sorbitol or mannitol as the carbon source. No toxin was detected in broths containing 4.0% or more sodium chloride in Tryptic soy broth (TSB). Cultures of S. choleraesuis in the medium containing 2.0% tryptone, 0.5% NaCl, 0.25% K2HPO4 and 0.25% of the best carbon source under the optimal conditions for 14 h resulted in the highest cytotoxin production. The Vero cell CD50 of S. choleraesuis lysate of cells grown under these optimal conditions was a titer of 589-758 per mg of lysate protein.
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PMID:Effects of carbon and nitrogen sources, sodium chloride and culture conditions on cytotoxin production by Salmonella choleraesuis. 1148 72

Sacks, L. E. (U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, Calif.), Peter B. Percell, Richard S. Thomas, and Glen F. Bailey. Kinetics of dry rupture of bacterial spores in the presence of salt. J. Bacteriol. 87:952-960. 1964.-The kinetics of breaking spores in the dry state by use of an excess of sodium chloride and a steel ball in a shaking device were investigated. Under most conditions, disruption is a first-order process. The disruption-rate constant varies directly with the weight of the ball and inversely with the weight of the capsule contents (spores plus salt). Different spore batches differ somewhat in susceptibility to dry rupture. The dry-rupture process is highly reproducible and it is relatively simple to obtain preparations in which exactly 50%, or 90%, of the spores are broken. The procedure is uniquely suited to the disruption of small (5 to 20 mg) samples, but 150 mg of spores have been handled with conventional equipment. Apparently, the chief function of the salt is to separate the spores from one another with a relatively hard, energy-nonabsorbing matrix, preventing aggregation and consequent cushioning of the ball's impact. However, under certain conditions (small ball, high salt, large crystals) appreciable breakage results from collisions of spores with the salt crystals. The minimal salt-spore ratio for efficient breakage depends on the spore batch, but is usually greater than 3:1. Fine glass beads or inorganic salts other than sodium chloride will also serve as the matrix. Electron micrographs of the spores in various stages of disruption are shown, as are electron micrographs of the spore coats of Bacillus macerans, B. megaterium, B. cereus, B. coagulans, and Clostridium bifermentans. Prolonged agitation disintegrates spore coats. The spore coats of B. macerans exhibit a characteristic ribbed structure, previously detected only by carbon replicas of intact spores. Possible application to other biological materials is considered.
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PMID:KINETICS OF DRY RUPTURE OF BACTERIAL SPORES IN THE PRESENCE OF SALT. 1413 36

Soil samples from a salt farm were used as a source for the isolation of carotenoid-producing bacteria. The conditions for optimum growth and carotenoid production were established for the isolated bacteria. Carotenoids were analysed by spectrophotometry and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Thirty-one red extremely halophilic bacteria were isolated from saline soil samples collected from a salt farm in Alexandria, Egypt. Among the isolated strains, strain TM exhibited the highest carotenoid-producing ability. Maximum growth of strain TM occurred in the presence of high concentrations of sodium chloride and magnesium sulfate. Growth did not occur when NaCl concentration was lower than 10% and the cells lysed at this concentration. Optimum growth of and carotenoid production by strain TM were realized at 37 degrees C in the presence of 1% yeast extract, 0.75% casamino acids, 25% NaCl, 4% MgSO4, 0.2% KCl and at pH 7.2 with shaking for 6 d. Strain TM produced 2.06 mg total carotenoids g(-1) dry cells, including 0.06 mg of beta-carotene and 0.70 mg of canthaxanthin. This is the first report of an extremely halophilic bacterium that produces canthaxanthin.
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PMID:Production of canthaxanthin by extremely halophilic bacteria. 1623 73

The optimum conditions in shaken flasks for production of bacterial alginate by mutant C-14 of Azotobacter vinelandii NCIB 9068 and a comparison of the properties of bacterial and algal alginates were investigated. The largest amount of bacterial alginate was obtained in about 110 h by a culture grown on optimum medium at 34 degrees C and 170-rpm shaking speed. The viscosity of the culture broth was 18,400 cps and the alginate concentration reached 6.22 g/liter. The viscosity of the purified bacterial alginate was as high as 11,200 cps at a low concentration (0.6%). A greater than fivefold concentration of algal alginate was required to reach the same viscosity at a low shear rate. A solution of bacterial alginate was more pseudoplastic than that of algal alginate was. No significant differences were observed in other properties of bacterial and algal alginates such as gel formation with calcium ion, thermostability, and effect of temperature, pH, and sodium chloride on viscosity.
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PMID:Bacterial Alginate Produced by a Mutant of Azotobacter vinelandii. 1634 47

Clostridium thermocellum JW20 (ATCC 31549), which was isolated from a Louisiana cotton bale, grew on cellulose, cellobiose, and xylooligomers and, after adaptation, on glucose, fructose, and xylose in the pH range of 7.5 to 6.1 with T(opt) of 60 degrees C, T(max) of 69 degrees C, and T(min) of above 28 degrees C. Doubling times during growth on cellulose and cellobiose were 6.5 and 2.5 h, respectively. The G+C content of the DNA was 40 mol% (chemical analysis). Growth on cellulose as substrate was totally inhibited in the presence of more than 125 mM sodium sulfate, 300 mM sodium chloride, 250 mM potassium chloride, 200 mM calcium chloride, 125 mM magnesium chloride, 40 mM lactate, or 250 mM acetate. The ratio of the fermentation products ethanol to acetate plus H(2) decreased when the culture was agitated. Agitation otherwise increased the rate of cellulose degradation in a growing culture but not under nongrowth conditions or with cell-free culture supernatant containing the extracellular cellulase. Shaking lowered the concentration of H(2) in the culture broth and thus minimized inhibition by the H(2) formed. Externally added H(2) caused an increased formation of ethanol during growth on cellulose or cellobiose. However, at an atmospheric pressure as high as 355 kPa (50 lb/in), H(2) did not cause significant growth inhibition beyond an increasing lag phase (up to 24 h). Several criteria to specifically prove the purity of C. thermocellum cultures were suggested.
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PMID:Characterization of Clostridium thermocellum JW20. 1634 27

Of 131 bacterial isolates from seaweed, a culture of Bacillus licheniformis produced a novel protein with antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant enterococci, and Listeria monocytogenes. The antibacterial activity was maximal in cultures prepared in Columbia broth containing pieces of synthetic polyurethane sponge and shaken at 210 to 230 rpm. Antibacterial activity was not found in cultures grown statically or with different speeds of rotary shaking. Reduced activity was apparent in supernatants prepared from marine 2216E broth and tryptone soya broth with or without 1% (wt/vol) sodium chloride. The antibacterial compound was sensitive to proteinase K, pronase, and trypsin, but was not affected by Tween-20, -40, -60, or -80, or alpha- or beta-amylase. Activity was not adversely affected by heating up to 40 degrees C or treatment at pH 5 to 14. The bioactive compound was determined to be associated with a protein of 30.7 kDa, which had homology to the YbdN protein of B. licheniformis ATCC 14580.
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PMID:Recovery and characterization of a 30.7-kDa protein from Bacillus licheniformis associated with inhibitory activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant enterococci, and Listeria monocytogenes. 1679 53

A novel method was described for detection carbamate pesticides residue in cucumber by immobilizing acetylcholinesterase enzyme in a micro-screen plate with 96 wells based on GA-BSA-gelatin gels. The concentrations of BSA, GA and gelatin in enzyme immobilization solution were optimized and the best concentrations were 5%, 0.5% and 0.1%, respectively. To analyze the pesticides residue 5g cucumber sample was homogenized with 10 mL acetone then an aliquot of 5mL extract was collected in a 10 mL test tube with a cap, into which 2g sodium chloride and 2mL dichloromethane were added in sequence. After shaking, 1 mL of the supernatant aliquot was evaporated by a blower in a small beaker and dissolved by 20% methanol-water solution then 50 microL was piped to a sample well. After incubation 10 minutes the absorbance was detected. The proposed method offered a rapid, simple and inexpensive means to in screen of batch samples. The minimum detection limit of this method was in a range of 0.1-0.2 mg/kg for cucumber samples.
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PMID:[Detection carbamate pesticides residue in cucumber by immobilized acetyicholinesterase enzyme]. 1688 32


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