Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0040822 (tremor)
 18,428 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A novel method has been developed for the preparation of nearly pure separate cultures of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. The method is based on (a) the absence of viable neurons in cultures prepared from postnatal rat cerebra, (b) the stratification of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes in culture, and (c) the selective detachment of the overlying oligodendrocytes when exposed to sheer forces generated by shaking the cultures on an orbital shaker for 15--18 h at 37 degrees C. Preparations appear greater than 98% pure and contain approximately 1-2 x 10(7) viable cells (20--40 mg of cell protein). Three methods were used to characterize these two culture t ypes. First, electron microscopic examination was used to identify the cells in each preparation (mixed and separated cultures of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes) and to assess the purity of each preparation. Second, two oligodendroglial cell markers, 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphohydrolase (EC 3.1.4.37) and glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.8) were monitored. Third, the regulation of cyclic AMP accumulation in each culture type was examined. In addition to these studies, we examined the influence of brain extract and dibutyryl cAMP on the gross morphology and ultrastructure of each preparation. These agents induced astroglial process formation without any apparent morphological effect on oligodendrocytes. Collectively, the results indicate that essentially pure cultures of astrocytes and of oligodendrocytes can be prepared and maintained. These preparations should significantly aid in efforts to examine the biochemistry, physiology, and pharmacology of these two major classes of central nervous system cells.
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PMID:Preparation of separate astroglial and oligodendroglial cell cultures from rat cerebral tissue. 624 68

Twenty-five years ago, glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH, EC 1.1.1.8) was described as a hormonally dependent enzyme in the brain, and since then has been characterized for its developmental regulation and as a marker for oligodendrocytes. These studies describe the cloning of GPDH mRNA from adult rat hippocampus and its characterization as an in vivo response in the brain to both glucocorticoid treatment and stress. A nearly full-length cDNA clone was obtained with sequence homology to the adult mouse GPDH gene. Three EcoRI fragments derived from this clone each hybridized to a major 2.9-kb transcript in poly(A)-containing RNA. GPDH mRNA increased up to 10-fold in a dose-dependent manner in response to acute corticosterone (CORT) treatment (8 h-3 days) of adrenalectomized (ADX) rats. Hybrid-selected GPDH mRNA encodes a 35-kD, pI 6.3 polypeptide that comigrated with our previously described CORT-responsive 35-kD in vitro translation product, with which it shares the same response characteristics. The basal (morning) AM prevalence of GPDH mRNA in the hippocampus is approximately 0.5 pg/micrograms total RNA. Shaking stress increased GPDH mRNA 4-fold; this increase was completely blocked by prior ADX. Hippocampal GPDH mRNA prevalence in ADX rats did not differ from AM intact rats, but increased to stress levels within 2 h of a CORT treatment that produced serum levels in the high physiological or stress range. GPDH expression increased throughout the brain of CORT-treated compared with ADX rats by in situ hybridization; the pattern of expression is similar to that of proteolipid protein mRNA and is consistent with a predominant expression in oligodendrocytes in white matter. Restraint and cold stress also increased GPDH mRNA in the brainstem. These results establish GPDH mRNA as a glucocorticoid-dependent stress response in adult rat hippocampus and indicate that glucocorticoid regulation of GPDH enzyme activity throughout the brain could result from changes in GPDH mRNA prevalence. In addition to its role in development, GPDH may participate in oligodendrocyte responses to stress in the adult brain.
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PMID:Rapid increase in glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase mRNA in adult rat brain: a glucocorticoid-dependent stress response. 809 Feb 79