Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0040822 (tremor)
 18,428 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In previous work, we demonstrated in animals and humans an antidopaminergic effect of estradiol at the level of the striatum. In the present study, we tested the effect of a large dose of estradiol (0.5 mg s.c.) administered either acutely or during several days in four female ovariectomized monkeys, displaying a persistent buccolingual dyskinesia due primarily to a midbrain lesion, but which is markedly enhanced by dopaminergic agonists. One of the monkeys also displayed a lesion-induced parkinsonian-like tremor of the opposite limbs. Chronic administration of estradiol markedly reduced the apomorphine-induced potentiation of the dyskinesia but did not affect the tremor. A single dose of estradiol was followed after 24 h by a 75% reduction of the effect of apomorphine on the dyskinesia but a 50% increase in the response to apomorphine was seen after 2 weeks. The response was at the control level after 30 days. Domperidone, a peripheral dopamine agonist that does not cross the blood-brain barrier and which causes an elevation of prolactin similar to that seen after estradiol, is followed by a similar biphasic modification of the response to apomorphine. Our results suggest that estradiol may have opposite effects on the sensitivity of the striatal dopamine receptors and therefore on dyskinesia, depending on the time of observation. An elevation of prolactin appears to have similar effects. Moreover, some effects of these hormones may be delayed by several days to weeks in primates.
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PMID:Biphasic effect of estradiol and domperidone on lingual dyskinesia in monkeys. 662 6

An acute administration of various doses of apomorphine, a dopaminergic agonist, and of dopaminergic receptor blockers (domperidone, sulpiride, haloperidol), was double-blindly achieved in a parkinsonian patient also suffering from dyskinesia. Apomorphine improved tremor and dyskinesia proportionnally to the dose. Domperidone did not prevent from this beneficial effect whereas sulpiride or haloperidol revealed a competitive antagonism versus apomorphine.
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PMID:[Modification of extrapyramidal signs by apomorphine associated with various dopaminergic antagonists]. 714 25

Duloxetine is a dual inhibitor of norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake. Duloxetine (3.13-50 mg/kg p.o.) significantly prevented tetrabenazine (1 and 50 mg/kg s.c.)-induced ptosis in mice and rats. Moreover, duloxetine (1.56-12.5 mg/kg p.o.) also inhibited reserpine (1 mg/kg s.c.)-induced hypothermia in mice. When duloxetine (12.5-100 mg/kg p.o.) and 5-hydroxytryptophan (80 and 100 mg/kg i.p.), a precursor of serotonin, were administered simultaneously to mice and rats, head movement behavior and tremor were observed. In addition, duloxetine (25-100 mg/kg p.o.) significantly attenuated immobility in forced swimming in mice, as equally effective as commonly used antidepressant drugs. Duloxetine (12.5-25 mg/kg p.o.) significantly decreased rapid eye movement sleep and slow-wave deep sleep and increased the awake period, as shown in the rat EEG. However, duloxetine (25-200 mg/kg p.o.) did not affect salivation and lacrimation induced by oxotremorine (1 mg/kg s.c.), a cholinergic agonist, whereas it (25-50 mg/kg) reduced the oxotremorine-induced tremor in part. These results indicated that duloxetine produced behavioral and electroencephalographic responses resulting from the inhibition of norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake in vivo, and that it had a weak anticholinergic action. Therefore, duloxetine may be clinically useful as an antidepressant.
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PMID:Behavioral and electroencephalographic properties of duloxetine (LY248686), a reuptake inhibitor of norepinephrine and serotonin, in mice and rats. 789 17

Rats exhibit taste avoidance and conditioned disgust reactions when stimulated with a tastant paired with lithium chloride (LiCl). Lithium-mediated activation of chemoreceptor nuclei at the brainstem appears to determine the acquisition of conditioned taste aversion (CTA) in adult rodents. Domperidone (DOM), an anti-emetic drug that does not cross the blood-brain barrier, was employed to analyze mechanisms underlying LiCl-mediated CTA in infant rats. On postnatal day 13 animals were given DOM followed by a pairing between intraoral saccharin and LiCl. Saccharin consumption at testing was lower in lithium-treated pups than in controls. DOM did not interfere with this LiCl-mediated taste avoidance but significantly decreased LiCl-mediated disgust reactions (head-shaking and wall climbing). Activation of the emetic system of the brainstem does not seem necessary for the acquisition of LiCl-mediated conditioned taste avoidance. Yet, these centers seem to be involved in the palatability shift resulting from taste-LiCl pairings. These results indicate an early dissociation between conditioned disgust reactions and conditioned taste avoidance.
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PMID:Domperidone interferes with conditioned disgust reactions but not taste avoidance evoked by a LiCl-paired taste in infant rats. 1839 75

Duloxetine hydrochloride, a secondary amine containing pharmaceutical, currently marketed as Cymbalta, is shown to undergo N-formylation as an artifact of sample preparation prior to HPLC analysis for impurities. The reaction was discovered as a result of an investigation into variability in the levels of N-formyl duloxetine observed upon HPLC analysis. The reaction is catalyzed by sonication and/or light in the presence of titanium dioxide and is proposed to occur via a radical-initiated mechanism. The mechanism is supported by controlled sample preparation studies with deuterium-labeled acetonitrile and LC/MS studies that showed incorporation of one deuterium into N-formyl duloxetine. This discovery is broadly relevant because sonication is commonly used to aid dissolution of pharmaceuticals in acetonitrile for HPLC analysis, titanium dioxide is a commonly used excipient, the amount of light found in modern analytical laboratories is sufficient to cause the reaction to occur, and secondary amines are present in the structures of many pharmaceuticals. The artifactual reaction was effectively eliminated by changing the sample solvent to methanol and replacing sonication with shaking to aid sample dissolution.
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PMID:Artifactual formylation of the secondary amine of duloxetine hydrochloride by acetonitrile in the presence of titanium dioxide: implications for HPLC method development. 2057 Apr 59

Serotonin syndrome is a toxic condition due to serotoninergic hyperstimulation, which is caused mostly by serotonergic agents either in overdose or in combination. The diagnosis is purely clinical and poorly validated. We described a patient with tremor, mydriatic pupils, clonus, and ataxia after a single dose of duloxetine; on the dosage of admission. Duloxetine belongs to a large class of antidepressants called reuptake inhibitors. The case is presented to emphasize this possible toxicity due to increasing availability of serotonergic agents. It is a complex but easily preventable and recognizable condition. We believe this to be one of the rare reports of serotonin syndrome associated with duloxetine.
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PMID:Serotonin syndrome due to duloxetine. 2158 18