Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0040822 (tremor)
 18,428 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The study has shown the effect of liposomally entrapped procaine hydrochloride on local anaesthesia and its intensity after intradermal administration. The experiments of anaesthetic infiltration have been carried out on guinea pig skin applying mechanical stimulus. Liposomes were prepared by the shaking method followed by suspending in phosphate buffer pH 7.2, 0.5% methylcellulose in phosphate buffer or 5% glucose solution. The results of the study were compared with those of procaine hydrochloride in analogous solutions. The study has shown significant influence of liposomally entrapped procaine hydrochloride on the prolongation of local anaesthesia and its intensity. It has also been shown that local anaesthesia was influenced by the composition of the solutions in which liposomes were suspended. The longest effect (55 min) has been observed after administration of liposomes in phosphate buffer with methylcellulose.
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PMID:[The effect of entrapment of procaine hydrochloride in liposomes on its local anesthetic action]. 281 90

Flumazenil (Ro 15-1788) proved to be a very efficacious competitive antagonist of benzodiazepines that reliably counteracts their pharmacological actions within 1-2 min as could be demonstrated in clinical and EEG studies. In general, a total dose of 0.3-0.8 mg will be sufficient in clinical practice, avoiding side effects like nausea, tremor, sweating, or transient anxiety that could be observed when higher dosages were administered. Its therapeutic range is very high as could be demonstrated in experimental animal in which up to 8.000-fold the clinical dose was administered. The total volume of distribution (Vdes) amounts to nearly 1.000 ml/kg BW and the total clearance exceeds 1.200 ml/min, resulting in a biological half-life of less than 60 min. According to the benzodiazepine dosage and the rapid plasma concentration decline of flumazenil, in some cases a resedation could be observed. Hence, a careful observation of the antagonised patient on the ward is mandatory for 1.5-2 h, even if at first sight the antagonization seemed successful and the patient fully awake and cooperative. In anaesthesia, indications to administer flumazenil are adverse drug reactions and prolonged recovery after adequate benzodiazepine dosage. In intensive care medicine, the antagonist may be used in the treatment of benzodiazepine overdose as well as in the differential diagnosis of a coma of unknown origin. Additionally, the antagonist may be administered to interrupt benzodiazepine sedation e.g. for neurological examination.
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PMID:[Antagonism of the effects of benzodiazepines using flumazenil (Ro 15-1788)]. 289 85

The activity patterns in self- and cross-reinnervated flexor digitorum longus (FDL) and soleus (SOL) muscles were examined during natural movements in awake, unrestrained cats in which electromyographic (EMG) electrodes, tendon-force gauges, and muscle-length gauges had been chronically implanted under anesthesia and aseptic conditions. Kinesiological data were recorded between 13 and 22 mo after nerve surgery. Self-reinnervated FDL and SOL muscles (i.e., FDL----FDL and SOL----SOL, respectively) exhibited locomotor activity patterns that were the same as observed in normal, unoperated FDL and SOL muscles (26). FDL----FDL muscles exhibited primarily brief bursts of activity in early swing, just after the toes had left the ground, whereas SOL----SOL muscles showed bursts of activity just before and during stance. In contrast, the cross-reinnervated muscles (both SOL----FDL and FDL----SOL) that had little or no unwanted self-reinnervation showed the patterns of activity that are associated with the innervating foreign motoneurons. That is, cross-reinnervated SOL----FDL muscles were intensely active in quadrupedal standing and, during the stance phase of stepping, producing large force transients while actively lengthening. Conversely, cross-reinnervated FDL----SOL muscles were active mainly in short bursts at the onset of the swing phase of stepping, just after the foot had left the ground. There was considerable modulation of EMG and peak force output in FDL----SOL muscles with changing speed of locomotion, whereas little modulation was evident in SOL----FDL muscles. The activity patterns in self- and cross-reinnervated FDL and SOL muscles were also recorded during scratch and paw-shaking reflexes. As in locomotion, the observed patterns were in all cases consistent with those expected for the innervating motor pool rather than the innervated muscle. Muscles that had been dually reinnervated by both the original and foreign motor pools displayed activity patterns that were a mixture of the FDL and SOL activity patterns described above. The present results demonstrate that motoneuron activation patterns remain qualitatively unaltered when their motor axons reinnervate foreign muscles. In addition, the observations permit some quantitative estimates of the degree to which cross-reinnervated muscles are subjected to patterns of motoneuron activity and to conditions of mechanical loading that are markedly different from those in the self-reinnervated or normal conditions.
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PMID:Kinesiological studies of self- and cross-reinnervated FDL and soleus muscles in freely moving cats. 299 50

There are similarities between the motor disorder of Parkinsonism, the rigidity associated with the use of opioid drugs and the phenomenon of shaking during recovery from anaesthesia. Opioid receptors of the basal ganglia modulate activity of dopaminergic neurones. Opioid induced rigidity, therefore, may be a form of drug-induced Parkinsonism. This has implications for the anaesthetic management of the patient with Parkinsonism. Previous descriptions of the anaesthetic management of Parkinsonism have emphasized the cardiovascular complications of L-Dopa therapy, but have not discussed the importance of opioids.
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PMID:Parkinsonism and the anaesthetist. 273 Aug 35

In a randomized, prospective, double-blind trial we investigated the efficacy and safety of the benzodiazepine antagonist RO 15-1788 in 57 patients undergoing general surgery. Anesthesia was induced and maintained by a combination of Flunitrazepam-Fentanyl-Pancuronium. Inhalation anesthetics were excluded from the study. After reversal of any residual relaxant effect we titrated RO 15-1788 or placebo by repeated i.v. administration of 0.1 mg (= 1.0 ml) up to a maximum dosage of 1.0 mg or to a definite arousal reaction. Before as well as 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, and 120 min after injection of the trial substance we evaluated efficacy (sedation, comprehension and collaboration, orientation in time and space), presence of anterograde amnesia, side-effects, hemodynamics, and subjective patient assessment by a point scale. RO 15-1788 significantly improved the level of consciousness (P less than 0.005) at a dosage of 0.59 +/- 0.29 mg at 5, 15, 30, and 60 min after administration as well as orientation in time and space (P less than 0.005) after 30 min. There was significantly less anterograde amnesia (P less than 0.005) after 15, 30, and 60 min. Symptoms of a benzodiazepine rebound effect after 120 min indicate a short half-life time of RO 15-1788. We did not observe any hemodynamic side effects. Local tolerance was good. Side effects in terms of nausea (1 case), vomiting (4), euphoria or dysphoria (2), benign cardiac arrhythmias (1) or a state of excitation (1) occurred several times after RO 15-1788 as well as after placebo (nausea 2, vomiting 6, muscular tremor 1). Our results indicate the efficacy and safety of RO 15-1788.
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PMID:[Efficacy and safety of the benzodiazepine antagonist RO 15-1788]. 313 35

This study assesses the efficacy of epidural fentanyl in the relief of shaking associated with epidural analgesia. Fifty mothers whose shaking was sufficient to cause distress were divided randomly to receive either fentanyl 25 micrograms in 5 ml sterile normal saline or 5 ml of saline through their in-situ epidural. Shaking stopped within 15 minutes in 18 out of 25 (72%) of those given fentanyl but in only 4 out of 25 (16%) of the saline group and this is statistically significant (p less than 0.01). Fentanyl can be recommended in this context.
Anaesthesia 1988 Sep
PMID:Epidural fentanyl for shaking in obstetrics. 271 20

Background activity of 240 units of n. reticularis thalami (Rt) was investigated by microelectrodes in awake dyskinetic patients during 37 stereotaxic operations. It was shown that Rt can be represented by three types of neurons: units with irregular unitary discharges (A-type, 40%); burst units fired in short 10 divided by 20 ms bursts with unstable rhythmic (2-5 Hz) pattern (B-type, 49%); burst units fired aperiodically in prolonged 0.1 divided by 2 s discharges with constant 80 divided by 150 ms interburst inhibitions (C-type, 11%). Invariant activity-patterns of A-, B- and C-neurons characterized by instability due to functional stimulation were revealed. The unit activity dynamics was described during short-term anaesthesia showing an inhibition of the A-unit activity parallel to stabilization and synchronization of rhythmic bursts of B-neurons. An invariance of the cell type representation of Rt in the dorso-ventral plane was observed, although a number of dynamic activity characteristics of A and B-units increased reliably toward the ventral part of Rt (frequency, variation of rhythm). In addition to the absence of any relationship between rhythmic bursts and parkinsonian tremor, a parameter correlation between them was found. The data show an indirect increase of the firing level and frequency stabilization of the B-unit rhythm parallel to the stage of trembling. The regular burst phenomena in discharges of B and C-neurons are discussed.
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PMID:[Characteristics of neuronal background activity in the reticular nucleus of the thalamus of the human brain]. 330 85

A case is described in which recovery from the administration of a single dose of etomidate was complicated by periodic episodes of unconsciousness, tremor and apnoea. Subsequent investigations did not reveal any evidence of neurological disease.
Anaesthesia 1988 Jan
PMID:Respiratory disturbance during recovery from etomidate anaesthesia. 334 40

Spontaneous post-anesthetic tremor that resembles shivering is common during recovery from anesthesia. Risks to postoperative patients include an increase in metabolic rate of up to 400%, hypoxemia, wound dehiscence, dental damage, and disruption of delicate surgical repairs. The etiology of spontaneous post-anesthetic tremor is most commonly attributed to normal thermoregulatory shivering in response to intraoperative hypothermia. However, the mechanism of this tremor remains unknown, hampering prevention and treatment. The present study was designed to determine whether mechanisms other than thermoregulation contribute to the tremor. The electromyograms (EMGs) of eight muscles were observed in nine women during recovery from isoflurane anesthesia. Signals from each muscle were compared to those of pathologic clonus induced by plantar flexion in unanesthetized patients with spinal cord transections and to those of cold-induced shivering in normal, unanesthetized subjects. Two distinct EMG patterns were identified: 1) regular, bursting signals of 5-7 Hz similar to those produced by pathologic clonus in patients with spinal cord transections; and 2) tonic, irregular signals of 5-15 Hz which had poorly defined bursts that did not demonstrate the synchronous 4-8-cycle/min waxing and waning pattern typical of normal shivering. EMG activity occurred most often at expired isoflurane concentrations of 0.1-0.19%, and was not related to rectal temperature. During the later part of recovery when isoflurane concentrations were less than or equal to 0.1%, hypothermic patients frequently demonstrated no clinical or EMG evidence of muscular activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Spontaneous post-anesthetic tremor does not resemble thermoregulatory shivering. 337 31

Group motility was recorded continuously in male rats during the inhalation of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, o-, m- and p-xylene vapours. The solvents were applied in at least six concentrations, up to those inducing anaesthesia. Minimum narcotic concentrations (ppm) were: 5940 (benzene), 3590 (toluene), 2180 (ethyl-benzene), 2180 (0-xylene), 2100 (m-xylene), and 1940 (p-xylene). The results indicate that prenarcotic concentrations of these structurally related aromatic hydrocarbons and also the xylene isomers elicit qualitatively and quantitatively different acute behavioral effects. Except o-xylene which caused depression only the agents produced bell-shaped concentration-action curves characteristic of the biphasic effect, i.e., activation at lower and depression at higher concentrations. The curves differed in form and magnitude depending on the stimulatory potency and on the range of effective concentrations. Based on arbitrary assessment of central excitation, the five aromatics may be ranked as follows: benzene and toluene (striking activation), p-xylene (marked activation), ethylbenzene (moderate activation), m-xylene (slight activation). At the same time, high degree of motor incoordination, and in the case of benzene and p-xylene, also marked tremor could be seen.
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PMID:Changes in the rat's motor behaviour during 4-hr inhalation exposure to prenarcotic concentrations of benzene and its derivatives. 375 4


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