Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0040822 (tremor)
 18,428 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The aim of this study was to investigate the neurotransmissions involved in the antinociceptive effect of tramadol in the formalin test, which is an animal model of acute and tonic pain. A subcutaneous injection of formalin produces a biphasic nociceptive response: phase 1 (0-10 min-acute pain) and phase 2 (21-60 min-tonic pain). Nociceptive activity is reduced greatly during the 10 min between these two phases. We measured in mice the effects of (+/-)-tramadol, and of (+)- and (-)-tramadol administered before the induction of pain by formalin, in the presence and absence of drugs that act on the opioidergic, serotonergic and noradrenergic systems (naloxone, ketanserin, fluoxetine, maprotiline). With respect to animals treated with formalin alone, (+/-)-tramadol and its enantiomers significantly reduced the duration of nociceptive behaviours (lifting, licking, favouring, shaking, and flinching of the formalin-treated paw) during phase 2. This effect was prevented by the 5-HT(2) receptor antagonist ketanserin, but not by naloxone which, on the contrary, was able to prevent the antinociceptive effect of morphine. Naloxone and ketanserin did not affect the duration of nociceptive behaviour in animals not treated with tramadol. Fluoxetine (a selective 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) reuptake inhibitor), but not maprotiline (a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor), potentiated the antinociceptive effect of (+/-)-tramadol. In conclusion, we demonstrate that the serotonergic pathway is responsible for the antinociceptive effect of tramadol in phase 2 of the formalin test, and that this effect is mediated by 5-HT(2) receptors.
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PMID:The antinociceptive effect of tramadol in the formalin test is mediated by the serotonergic component. 1207 82

The long-term effects of serotonin (5-HT) synthesis alteration and of restraint stress experienced by pregnant Wistar rats on pain sensitivity (evaluated by the indices of the biphasic behavioral response in the formalin test) were studied in their 90-day-old offspring. Prenatal 5-HT depletion decreased pain sensitivity in one third of the rats and failed to change it in the rest of the rast. In these later, however, an obvious tendency for an increase of interphase duration in females and its decrease in males were revealed that indicates changing of the activity of the descending serotoninergic system modulating nociceptive signals at the level of the spinal dorsal horns. Prenatal stress decreased pain sensitivity in 50% of the rats with prenatal deficiency of 5-HT but increased it in the rest of the animals. Increase of pain sensitivity also occurred in the control rats but to a lesser extent (significantly in flexing + shaking behavior during the second phase) compared to the animals with prenatal 5-HT depletion. In the latter, sex differences were found in effects of prenatal stress on pain sensitivity. The present data point an important role of 5-HT in: 1) embryonic development of tonic nociceptive system which is modulated in the CNS by mechanisms differing from those of acute pain; 2) mediation of the prenatal stress influence on pain sensitivity in the formalin test in adult rats.
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PMID:[Consequences of the prenatal depletion of serotonin and stress on nociceptive sensitivity in rats]. 1562 81

The effects of intrathecally and systemically administered 5-hydroxytriptamine (5-HT)(2A) receptor antagonist, sarpogrelate on acute thermal or formalin induced pain were examined. Male Sprague-Dawley rats with lumbar intrathecal catheters were tested with their tail withdrawal response to thermal stimulation (tail flick test) or their paw flinching and shaking response by subcutaneous formalin injection into the hind paw (formalin test) after intrathecal or intraperitoneal administration of sarpogrelate. 5-HT(2A) receptor agonist was used to antagonize the effects of sarpogrelate. In the tail flick test, only intraperitoneal administration induced analgesia. In the formalin test, both intrathecal and intraperitoneal administration were analgesic. The analgesic effects were inhibited by pretreatment with 5-HT(2A) receptor agonist. Motor disturbance and behavioral side effects were not observed. In conclusion, sarpogrelate might be analgesic on inflammatory induced acute and facilitated pain by intrathecal or systemic administration. However, only systemic administration could be effective on thermal induced acute pain.
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PMID:Effects of a 5-HT2A receptor antagonist, sarpogrelate on thermal or inflammatory pain. 1591 57

Golden hook fishing technique in acupuncture is one of the characteristics for the inheritance of aca-demic school of ZHENG's acupuncture technique. On the theoretic basis of traditional "lifting and thrusting" technique and "biting hook" sensation, by the coordination of the hands, focusing on the gentle lifting and shaking technique, selecting ashi points, the tendon-knotted sites, the eight influential points and experienced effective points, this special acupuncture technique is used for acute pain disorders and brain disorders in clinical application.
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PMID:[Brief introduction of ZHENG's "golden hook fishing" technique in acupuncture]. 2923 92