Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0040822 (tremor)
 18,428 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Vibrio strain 14 supports phage alpha 3a growth in standing stationary phase cells but not in shaking (aerated) stationary phase cells. In exponential cells, protein was turned over at 1.8% h-1, and the rate was increased by starvation or inhibition of protein synthesis. In shaking stationary phase cells the rate of protein turnover was low (1.0% h-1) for proteins synthesised during growth but high (20% h-1) for recently synthesised proteins. In contrast recently synthesised proteins in standing stationary phase cells were stable over 60 min and proteins synthesised during growth were turned over at 2.9% h-1. ppGpp and pppGpp were detected in exponential cells, but were not detected in stationary phase cells.
 ...
PMID:Protein turnover in exponential and stationary phase Vibrio cells. 206 Jul 64

We examined two sets of genes expressed early in the developmental cycle of Dictyostelium discoideum that appear to be regulated by cyclic AMP (cAMP). The transcripts of both sets of genes were not detectable in vegetative cells. During normal development on filter pads, RNA complementary to these genes could be detected at about 2 h, peaked around 6 to 8 h, and decreased gradually thereafter. Expression of these genes upon starvation in shaking culture was stimulated by pulsing the cells with nanomolar levels of cAMP, a condition that mimics the in vivo pulsing during normal aggregation. Expression was inhibited by caffeine or by continuous levels of cAMP, a condition found later in development when in vivo expression of these genes decreased. The inhibition of caffeine could be overcome by pulsing cells with cAMP. These results suggest that the expression is mediated via the cell surface cAMP receptor, but does not require a rise in intracellular cAMP. mRNA from a gene of the second class was induced upon starvation, peaked by 2.5 h of development, and then declined. In contrast to the other genes, its expression was maintained by continuous levels of cAMP and repressed by cAMP pulses. These and other results on a number of classes of developmentally regulated genes indicates that changing levels of cAMP, acting via the cell surface cAMP receptor, are involved in controlling these groups of genes. We also examined the structure and partial sequence of the cAMP pulse-induced genes. The two tandemly duplicated M3 genes were almost continuously homologous over the sequenced portion of the protein-coding region except for a region near the N-terminal end. The two M3 genes had regions of homology in the 5' flanking sequence and showed slight homology to the same regions in gene D2, another cAMP pulse-induced gene. D2 showed extremely significant homology over its entire sequenced length to an acetylcholinesterase. The results presented here and by others suggest that expression of many early genes in D. discoideum is regulated via the cell surface cAMP receptor. We expect that many of these genes may play essential roles in early Dictyostelium development and could code for elements of the cAMP signal transduction pathway involved in aggregation.
 ...
PMID:Cyclic AMP regulation of early gene expression in Dictyostelium discoideum: mediation via the cell surface cyclic AMP receptor. 303 75

Cells of Arthrobacter crystallopoietes, harvested during growth as spheres and as rods, were starved by shaking at 30 C in phosphate buffer for 30 days, during which time they maintained 100% viability. Changes in cellular components and the activity of specific enzyme pathways were monitored. A glycogen-like polysaccharide comprised 40% of the dry weight of growing spherical cells and 10% of the dry weight of rod cells. This material was utilized at approximately the same rate, on a percentage basis, during starvation of both cell forms. The rods degraded intracellular protein at approximately twice the rate of the spheres. At the end of 30 days, the rods had degraded 40% and the spheres 20% of their initial content of protein. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) was degraded significantly more rapidly in the rods. After 30 days starvation, 85 and 32% of the initial RNA of rods and spheres, respectively, had been depleted. Magnesium ion followed this same general pattern; the rods lost 65% and the spheres 45% of their initial content during 28 days of starvation. Deoxyribonucleic acid increased by 20% during the first few hours of starvation of both cell forms and then remained constant. The ability of glucose-, succinate-, and 2-hydroxypyridine (2-HP)-grown cells to oxidize glucose remained constant during 14 days of starvation. The ability of succinate-grown cells to oxidize succinate decreased rapidly during the first few hours of starvation to a rate which remained constant for 14 days. Cells adapted to growth on 2-HP completely lost their ability to oxidize this substrate after 3 days starvation.
 ...
PMID:Intracellular substrates for endogenous metabolism during long-term starvation of rod and spherical cells of Arthrobacter crystallopoietes. 547 76

Adult female little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus) were collected in a church attic in North East, Cecil County, Md. Mealworms (Tenebrio molitor) containing organochlorine pollutants were fed to the bats as follows: 5 bats were dosed at 480 ppm DDE, 12 at 150 ppm DDE, 5 at 1000 ppm polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB; Aroclor 1260), and 12 at 15 ppm PCB. Seven other bats were fed untreated mealworms. The objective was to elevate brain levels of DDE and PCB to lethality and measure these concentrations. During 40 d of dosage, one DDE-dosed bat and two PCB-dosed bats died after exhibiting the prolonged tremor that characterizes organochlorine poisoning. After dosage, surviving bats were starved to elevate brain levels of toxicants, and three additional DDE-dosed bats had tremors before dying. The mean brain concentration of DDE diagnostic of death was estimated as 603 ppm, range 540-670 ppm. This mean is 16-18% higher than means for Mexican free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis) and common grackles (Quiscalus quiscula), and may indicate less sensitivity. Lethal brain concentrations of Aroclor 1260 were 1300 and 1500 ppm. Such values appear to be higher than values (Aroclor 1254) for brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater). During starvation, DDE-dosed bats lost weight about 24% faster than controls. If smaller amounts of stored DDE cause increases in metabolic rates of nonfeeding bats, as during hibernation or migration, the result could be premature energy depletion and increased mortality.
 ...
PMID:Effects of DDE and PCB (Aroclor 1260) on experimentally poisoned female little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus): lethal brain concentrations. 679 Jul 23

Magnesium deficiency may complicate many diseases. The causes include the following: inadequate intake during starvation or increased requirement during early childhood, pregnancy, or lactation; excessive losses of magnesium as a result of malabsorption from the gastrointestinal tract or from the kidneys during use of diuretics; and to a combination of the two, as in alcoholism. Most often the etiological factors have been operative for a month or more. Acute hypomagnesemia can occur without previous Mg deficiency after epinephrine, cold stress and stress of serious injury or extensive surgery. The clinical manifestations depend on the age of the patient and may begin insidiously or with dramatic suddenness, or there may be no overt symptoms or signs. The manifestations can be divided into the following categories: totally non-specific symptoms and signs ascribable to the primary disease; neuromuscular hyperactivity including tremor, myoclonic jerks, convulsions, Chvostek sign, Trousseau sign (rarely), spontaneous carpopedal spasm (rarely), ataxia, nystagmus and dysphagia; psychiatric disturbances from apathy and coma to some of all facets of delirium; cardiac arrhythmias including ventricular fibrillation and sudden death; hypocalcemia which is responsive only to Mg therapy; and hypokalemia which is not easily nor completely corrected without Mg therapy. The diversity of etiologies and the multiplicity of manifestations result in confusion and controversy. The documentation of normal renal function is absolutely necessary for maximum doses. The order of magnitude of dose is 1.0 meq Mg/kg on day 1, and 0.3 to 0.5 mEq/kg per day for 3 to 5 days. In emergencies such as convulsions or ventricular arrhythmias, a bolus injection of 1.0 gm (8.1 meq) of MgSO4 is indicated. Therapy of Mg deficiency in the presence of renal insufficiency requires smaller doses and frequent monitoring. Complete repletion occurs slowly.
 ...
PMID:Magnesium deficiency. Etiology and clinical spectrum. 702 Mar 47

Social behaviors are often targets of natural selection among higher organisms, but quantifying the effects of such selection is difficult. We have used the bacterium Myxococcus xanthus as a model system for studying the evolution of social interactions. Changes in the social behaviors of 12 M. xanthus populations were quantified after 1,000 generations of evolution in a liquid habitat, in which interactions among individuals were continually hindered by shaking and low cell densities. Derived lineages were compared with their ancestors with respect to maximum growth rate, motility rates on hard and soft agar, fruiting body formation ability, and sporulation frequency during starvation. Improved performance in the liquid selective regime among evolved lines was usually associated with significant reductions in all of the major social behaviors of M. xanthus. Maintenance of functional social behaviors is apparently detrimental to fitness under asocial growth conditions.
 ...
PMID:Loss of social behaviors by myxococcus xanthus during evolution in an unstructured habitat. 977 Apr 94

For many years, environmental microbiologists working on water samples, have reported differences between bacterial counts performed by culture and by microscopy. These observations have led to the demonstration of the viable but non-culturable (VNC) state in bacteria. Some hygienist specialists underlined the risk presented by pathogenic bacteria in the VNC state. The VNC state in bacteria has been studied by a number of authors, but the relation between VNC state and bacterial stress response has not been established yet, while the VNC state is generally described in responses to adverse conditions. Campylobacter jejuni enter the VNC state in response to starvation. In our study, we searched for a protein synthesis in the first hours of the cell starvation exposure. Three Campylobacter jejuni strains were suspended in filtered, sterilized, distilled water, and incubated at 4 degrees C with gentle shaking (100 rpm). After 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 h of starvation, C. jejuni cells were removed and subjected to a heat shock (55 degrees C, 3 min) and to a conductimetric assay. Results obtained showed that a protein synthesis occurred in the onset of the starvation period, and that these improved the nutrient assimilation and enhanced the heat resistance in starved cells.
 ...
PMID:Demonstration of a protein synthesis in starved Campylobacter jejuni cells. 1079 18

Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and gene fusion were used to determine differences in the expression of stx-II mRNA and the production of mature Stx protein following acid adaptation or starvation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 (ATCC 43895) and an isogenic rpoS mutant (FRIK 816-3) under static conditions and with shaking. The expression of stx-II mRNA in acid-adapted and starved cells was more extensive than that in nonstressed control cells. This effect was more pronounced for the rpoS mutant. Oxygenation (incubation with shaking) increased stx-II mRNA expression for both strains relative to the level of expression obtained with static conditions. ELISA results indicated that Stx production was enhanced more in the rpoS mutant than in its wild-type parent strain and that oxygenation enhanced Stx production for both strains but there were no detectable differences between stressed and nonstressed cells of either strain. The monitoring of the gene product of Stx-II alone with the use of stx-IIAB::lacZ gene fusions confirmed the induction of aeration and the absence of a stress effect for both the wild type and the rpoS mutant. These results indicate that oxygen enhances stx-II mRNA expression and Stx production in E. coli O157:H7. Stress conditions such as acid adaptation and starvation enhance stx-II toxin mRNA levels but do not enhance subsequent Stx toxin production.
 ...
PMID:Acid adaptation and starvation effects on Shiga toxin production by Escherichia coli O157:H7. 1280 Sep 96

A search of the Dictyostelium genome project database (http://dictybase.org/db/cgi-bin/blast.pl) with nucleomorphin, a protein that regulates the nuclear number, predicted it to be encoded by a larger gene containing a putative breast cancer carboxy-terminus domain (BRCT). Using RT-PCR, Northern and Western blotting we have identified a differentially expressed, 2318 bp cDNA encoding a protein isoform of Dictyostelium NumA with an apparent molecular weight of 70 kDa that we have called NumB. It contains a single amino-terminal BRCT-domain spanning residues 125-201. Starvation of shaking cultures reduces NumA expression by approximately 88+/-5.6%, whereas NumB expression increases approximately 35+/-3.5% from vegetative levels. NumC, a third isoform that is also expressed during development but not growth, remains to be characterized. These findings suggest NumB may be a member of the BRCT-domain containing cell cycle checkpoint proteins.
 ...
PMID:Dictyostelium nucleomorphin is a member of the BRCT-domain family of cell cycle checkpoint proteins. 1553 83

Infants and children may undergo severe oxidative stress due to disease state, pre-existing nutritional status, frequent use of oxygen, and lower levels of antioxidant defenses. Antioxidant defenses, made up of intracellular and extra-cellular components, work synergistically to prevent oxidative damage. Total antioxidant activity (TAA) was analyzed by method of ferric reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP). Patients admitted in Pediatric Dept, RNT Medical College, Udaipur, India were selected for these studies. TAA level in neonates with hypoxic-ischemic-encephalopathy (HIE) stage III and in poor outcome cases was significantly low. Erythrocyte SOD activity level was low in pre-term neonates. TAA level in severely malnourished children at the time of hospital admission was low. This low antioxidant level in severely malnourished children could be multi-factorial viz. low zinc, selenium, vitamin A & C deficiency, recurrent infections, elevated free iron and chronic starvation stage. Delayed recovery of oxidant injury may lead to delayed incomplete recovery at cellular level. In a study of 29 tuberculosis patients TAA level was found to be low in tubercular patients compared with control. TAA level decreased more in CNS tuberculosis compared with other system tuberculosis. In a study of nutritional tremor syndrome TAA, ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol levels were low during pre-tremor phase compared with tremor phase (ATS). Pre-term neonates have incompletely developed antioxidant defenses and are deficient in vitamin E, which is normally derived from maternal circulation at the end of 3rd trimester. Therefore, decreased TAA level in HIE with poor outcome indicates addition of antioxidants in therapeutic strategy. Since rise in TAA in antioxidant supplemented group of severely malnutrition children was higher with good outcome compared with nonsupplemented group it would be prudent to supplement antioxidant during nutritional management. These studies have shown that health benefits can be obtained by children with a reduced risk of disease from supplements of antioxidant nutrients. The amounts of optimal supplements in these disorders, whether pharmacologic or large, are to be determined. Further work is needed to show whether modest increases in nutrient intakes in children with these disorders will delay or prevent the complications and improve the outcome. Therefore, available evidence regarding health benefits to be achieved by supplementing antioxidant nutrients is encouraging. Free radical injury and antioxidant deficiency is more common than what we think. Severely malnourished children and children suffering from chronic infections and diseases are at several fold increased risk of antioxidant deficiency and likely to suffer from free radical injury. Appropriate interventions are required in reducing the risk associated with these observations.
 ...
PMID:Free radicals: emerging challenge in environmental health research in childhood and neonatal disorders. 1696 76


1 2 3 Next >>