Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0040822 (tremor)
 18,428 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

There is a growing body of evidence to suggest that adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) may have a physiological role as an endogenous contra-opioid agonist. In addition to having appreciable affinity for opiate receptors and inducing many behavioural and intracellular effects opposite to those observed following opioid administration, ACTH may interact with endorphins in a mutually antagonistic manner. On the basis of these data a model of opiate dependence is proposed whereby several aspects of the opiate abstinence syndrome may be attributed to the excitatory actions of ACTH acting at opiate receptors. Thus, it may be predicted that opiate antagonist administration during primary abstinence should significantly attenuate many aspects of this behavioural syndrome. The present study was conducted in order to investigate this hypothesis. Results indicated that whilst naloxone (1.5 mg/kg) exerted little influence in non-dependent animals, it significantly attenuated abstinence-exacerbated grooming, body shaking, teeth chattering and sneezing, in addition to completely antagonizing withdrawal hyperalgesia in post-dependent animals. These data are consistent with the proposed existence of an endogenous contra-opioid ligand, the antagonism of which markedly reduces the severity of the morphine withdrawal syndrome.
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PMID:Opiate dependence and withdrawal--a new synthesis? 300 82

Knowledge and attitudes about AIDS were investigated in a survey of 792 pregnant women recruited from three hospitals in Jaipur, India. Overall, 51.4% of respondents had heard of AIDS; of these, 70.5% knew that there is no cure for the disease. 44% identified prostitution and sexual promiscuity as risk factors for HIV, and 35% were aware that intravenous drug use is a risk factor. Common among pregnant women were misperceptions that HIV can be transmitted by kissing (21.3%), sharing eating utensils (20.3%), shaking hands (19.1%), and coughing or sneezing (19.4%). 98.7% believed that HIV-infected women should not breast feed. Only 6-12% of pregnant women could identify the signs and symptoms of AIDS. HIV prevention methods cited included health education (39.3%), condom use (36.9%), and sexual monogamy (39.3%). Finally, 38.1% of respondents believed AIDS patients should be helped, while 29.3% supported isolation to avoid disease spread. AIDS knowledge was significantly higher among the 485 pregnant women in the upper income group than the 307 low income women. However, misperceptions about HIV transmission were widespread among both groups of pregnant women, indicating a need for AIDS education programs targeted to pregnant women.
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PMID:Knowledge and attitudes of pregnant women regarding AIDS in a semi arid area of Rajasthan. 928 13

The emetic (vomiting) reflex in a crocodilian, Crocodylus porosus, was characterised for the first time using the plant alkaloid veratrine (5 mg kg(-)(1) i.v. or i.p.) as an emetic stimulus. The latency to the onset of vomiting was 8.0+/-0.9 min (mean +/- s.e.m., N=5 animals). Vomiting was preceded by a clearly defined set of prodromal behaviours including, in temporal sequence, rhythmic contraction of the pharynx, sneezing and jaw snapping. Expulsion of vomitus was not particularly forceful and was accompanied by lateral shaking of the head. Physiological studies revealed that vomiting was accompanied by oscillatory (9.1+/-0.7 oscillations over 29.7+/-3. 6 s, N=9 episodes in three animals) increases in intraperitoneal pressure (7.0+/-0.9 kPa, cf. 0.7+/-0.1 kPa during respiration). The significance of these results is discussed in the context of the role(s) of vomiting as a protective reflex and as a mechanism for removal of indigestible food residues (e.g. fur, claws) from the gut.
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PMID:The emetic reflex in a reptile (Crocodylus porosus). 1076 24

The treatment of opioid dependence during pregnancy is a major challenge for doctors, social workers and gynaecologists. Continuous drug abuse during pregnancy can lead to a variety of complications in the mother, fetus and neonate. lt is recommended practice to maintain pregnant opioid-dependent women with synthetic opioids and according to international guidelines, methadone is the recommended substance so far. However, a neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) of varying severity is observed in 60 - 80 % of the neonates with even a longer course of duration in comparison to the NAS after heroin consumption during pregnancy. NAS is characterised by tremor, irritability, hypertonicity, vomiting, sneezing, fever, poor suckling, and sometimes convulsions. Recent studies have investigated the safety and efficacy of other synthetic opioids like sublingual buprenorphine for the treatment of pregnant patients. We present a 22 year old opioid-dependent woman, who has been maintained continuously on buprenorphine for 3 years. During the treatment episode she delivered two healthy newborns and both did not show any symptoms of NAS. The maintenance therapy with buprenorphine proved safety and efficacy during pregnancy, the mother was free of continuous heroin abuse, verified through supervised urine-toxicology. The quantitative and qualitative difference in NAS may be explained by the partial mu-receptor agonist and kappa-antagonist receptor profile of buprenorphine compared to pure mu-agonist action of methadone or heroin.
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PMID:[Buprenorphine in pregnancy]. 1153 91

Thirty-six owners of seasonally headshaking horses took part in a trial to compare the effectiveness of three types of nose net, a traditional cylindrical net (full net) and two forms of larger mesh nets which cover only the nostrils and dorsorostral muzzle (half nets). Baseline data relating to the overall severity of the problem and 18 specific behaviours describing the nature of the problem were recorded on a check sheet by the owners. A within-subjects repeated measures design experiment, with each net used for a week before reassessment, was then used to assess the effect of the nets on the headshaking problem. Approximately 75 per cent of owners reported some overall improvement with each net; around 60 per cent recorded a 50 per cent or greater improvement and 30 per cent a 70 per cent or greater improvement. The nets significantly reduced the overall headshaking score and the following specific behaviours: up-and-down headshaking, nose flipping, acting as if a bee had flown up the nose, shaking at exercise, shaking when excited, shaking in bright sunlight or in windy conditions (P < 0.0001), striking at the face, shaking at night, rubbing the nose when moving, rubbing the nose on objects, sneezing, shaking in the rain and shaking indoors (P < 0.05). There was no evidence of a significant effect on side-to-side headshaking, shaking at rest or rubbing the nose when stationary, but the effect on snorting was uncertain. There were few significant differences between the nets, but the half nets were reported to be significantly better at controlling 'bee up the nose' behaviour. Horses more than 10 years old were reportedly less likely to show a 50 per cent or greater improvement in 'nose flipping' and 'headshaking at exercise.
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PMID:Field study of the efficacy of three types of nose net for the treatment of headshaking in horses. 1255 79

Groups of 3-day-oId red-legged partridges were infected intranasally either with the S6 strain of M. gallisepticum or with an M. imitans strain from a partridge with sinusitis. Starting 6-8 days post-infection (p.i.) birds in both groups developed signs of depression, nasal exudation, tracheal rales, sneezing, gasping, head shaking, watery eyes and eye scratching. The most outstanding feature was bilateral swelling of the infraorbital sinuses. Morbidity reached 100% in the M. gallisepticum infection and 80% in the M. imitans infection and mean clinical scores in the former were significantly greater than those of the latter group on days 11 and 14 p.i. There was also slower recovery in the M. gallisepticum infection. Necropsies at weekly intervals for 5 weeks revealed nasal and sinus exudate in both groups but tracheal exudate and cloudy airsacs were seen only in M. gallisepticum infection. M. gallisepticum was isolated from both upper and lower respiratory tract throughout the experiment while M. imitans was recovered less frequently from the upper respiratory tract and from the lungs and air sacs only at 7 days p.i. The numbers of isolations from eyes, tracheas, lungs and thoracic air sacs of the M. gallisepticum group were significantly greater than those from the M. imitans group. Seroconversion occurred in both groups using homologous antigen.
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PMID:Pathogenicity of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma imitans in red-legged partridges (Alectoris rufa). 1848 30

Currently, injuries to customers due to health functional foods are annually increasing. To evaluate the antigenicity of Korean red ginseng mixture (KRGM), we tested for systemic anaphylactic shock and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in guinea pigs. Based on a comparison of measured body weights, there were no changes in body weight for the KRGM treatment group compared with the control group. In the ovalbumin treated group, however, there was a statistically significant decrease in body weight. For the active systemic anaphylaxis test, after the induction, there were no symptoms that suggested anaphylactic shock in the control and KRGM treatment group. In the ovalbumin treated group, there were symptoms that suggested severe anaphylaxis, and those symptoms included restlessness, piloerection, tremor, rubbing or licking the nose, sneezing, coughing, hyperpnea, dyspnea, staggering gait, jumping, gasping and writhing, convulsion, side position and Cheyne-stokes respiration. All animals died within thirty minutes in the ovalbumin treated group. For the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis test in guinea pigs sensitized to KRGM, each anti-serum was diluted in a stepwise manner. This was followed by an intravenous injection of a mixture of KRGM and Evans blue. The results of the test showed that all the responses were negative in the control and the low-dose and high-dose administration groups. However, in the ovalbumin treated group, all the responses were positive. Based on the above results, there were no anaphylactic responses for up to 12 times the amount of human intake of KRGM in Hartley Guinea-pigs. The results suggest that KRGM is safe as measured by the systemic and local antigenicity in guinea pigs.
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PMID:Systemic and Local Anaphylaxis is Not Induced by Korean Red Ginseng Mixture in Guinea Pigs. 3005 92

Coronaviruses are large family-RNA viruses that belong to the order Nidovirales, family Coronaviridae, subfamily Coronavirinae. The novel COVID-19 infection, caused by a beta coronavirus called SARS-CoV-2, is a new outbreak that has been emerged in Wuhan, China in December 2019. The most common symptoms of COVID-19 are fever, cough, and dyspnea. As per the March 12, 2020, WHO report, more than 125,048 confirmed COVID-19 cases and over 4613 deaths have been identified in more than 117 countries. It is now regarded as a pandemic that seriously spread and attack the world. The primary means of transmission is person to person through droplets that occurred during coughing or sneezing, through personal contact (shaking hands), or by touching contaminated objects. So far, there is no effective therapy and vaccine available against this novel virus and therefore, only supportive care is used as the mainstay of management of patients with COVID-19. The mortality rate of COVID-19 is considerable. This work aimed to provide insight on the newly emerged COVID-19, in the hope to gain a better understanding on the general overview, epidemiology, transmission, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical outcomes as well as the prevention and control of COVID-19.
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PMID:The newly emerged COVID-19 disease: a systemic review. 3264 Oct 59