Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0040822 (tremor)
 18,428 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

There is an increasing use and variety of beta-adrenoceptor blocking agents (beta-blockers) available for the treatment of hyperthyroidism. Recent comparative studies suggest that atenolol (200mg daily), metoprolol (200mg daily); acebutolol (400mg daily), oxprenolol ( 160mg daily), nadolol ( 80mg daily) and timolol (20mg daily) produce a beneficial clinical response equal to that seen with propranolol ( 160mg daily). Most beta-blockers reduce resting heart rate by approximately 25 to 30 beats/min, although a lesser reduction is seen with those possessing intrinsic sympathomimetic activity such as oxprenolol and pindolol. While earlier studies employing large doses of intravenous propranolol concluded that beta-blockade reduced myocardial contractility, more recent non-invasive studies suggest that the predominant cardiac effect is on heart rate. In patients with cardiac failure, beta-blockers may, however, produce a profound fall in cardiac output. Nevertheless, in combination with digoxin they may be useful in controlling the atrial fibrillation of thyrocardiac disease. beta-Blockers improve nervousness and tremor (although to a lesser extent with cardioselective agents) and severe myopathy, and they also reduce the frequency of paralysis in patients with thyrotoxic periodic paralysis. There is often subjective improvement in sweating but usually no major effect on eye signs. Recent studies show a 10% reduction in oxygen consumption/basal metabolic rate with long term oral use of selective or nonselective beta-blockers. In addition, many agents (propranolol, metoprolol, nadolol and sotalol but not acebutolol, atenolol or oxprenolol) reduce circulating tri-iodothyronine (T3) concentration by between 10 and 40%, although the clinical significance of this effect (if any) is not established. beta-Blockers may also have endocrinological effects on gastrin, cyclic AMP, catecholamines and other hormone levels. Given in adequate dosage, propranolol has been shown to control thyrotoxic hypercalcaemia. Minor side effects (nausea, headaches, tiredness, etc.) are quite common but overall beta-blockers are well tolerated by the thyrotoxic patient. The major use of these drugs is in symptomatic control while awaiting definitive diagnosis or treatment. As an adjunct to antithyroid drugs or radioactive iodine, beta-blockers will produce a satisfactory clinical response in the weeks to months before these forms of therapy produce a euthyroid state. beta-Blockers are more convenient than antithyroid drugs in the control of patients receiving therapeutic radioiodine, in that continuous therapy and assessment of biochemical response is possible.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Use of beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs in hyperthyroidism. 614 1

Bromocriptine (CB-154) and the 8-alpha-ergoline CU 32-085, two dopamine receptor agonists, were administered at different times to two series of 22 patients with Parkinson's disease, most of whom took levodopa (plus benserazide) at optimum dosage. The addition of bromocriptine (mean daily dose 32 mg; after 6 months 40 mg) led to a 38.5% reduction of levodopa, while CU 32-085 (mean daily dose 15.2 mg; after 6 months 17.5 mg) permitted a 33.7% reduction in levodopa. The mean dose in two patients on CU 32-085 monotherapy was 55 mg/day. A total of 15 patients tolerated adequate doses of bromocriptine (5-75 mg/day, mean duration of treatment 7.5 months) and 15 patients long-term treatment up to 14 months with CU 32-085 (dose range 1-60 mg/day; mean duration 8.8 months). Both groups showed a significant improvement of "total disability score' at 6 months by 56% and 67%, respectively, and after 6 months by 69% and 69.4%, respectively, with a significant decrease of all types of disability. All patients with fluctuations and "on-off' effects rapidly improved on both compounds. Bromocriptine and CU 32-085 were discontinued in seven patients each (32%) because of adverse effect including mental changes (for with bromocriptine, two with CU 32-085), nausea and vomiting (one and two, respectively), hypotension (one each) and increased tremor plus vomiting (one with CU 32-085). Although adverse effects were similar to those observed with levodopa, CU 32-085 in general showed less severe dyskinesia and mental changes but more frequent nausea than bromocriptine and levodopa. While the results of treatment with bromocriptine and CU 32-085 were comparable, the antitremor effect of the latter drug developed more rapidly, even at low dosage. Both compounds were useful in the management of patients with advanced Parkinson's disease, CU 32-085 having a stronger effect on tremor, bradykinesia, fluctuations and "on-off' effects than bromocriptine.
 ...
PMID:Adjuvant treatment of Parkinson's disease with dopamine agonists: open trial with bromocriptine and CU 32-085. 618 Jan 42

The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety of zimeldine, a 5-HT reuptake inhibitor, in the long-term treatment of depressive disorders. The study was an open label, multicentre investigation involving 147 patients who were suffering from depressive illness and who needed long-term anti-depressant treatment. Sixty-five patients completed the intended treatment period of 1 year, 75 terminated prematurely, and 7 are still in the programme. The reasons for termination were mainly ineffectiveness of the drug and adverse reactions. During the long-term treatment the most common emergent symptoms were, in order of decreasing frequency, dizziness, dry mouth, sleep disorders, sweating, tremor, nausea and headache. The side-effects were, however, mild and they generally decreased during the treatment period. No new adverse symptoms were reported. In the long-term treatment group, body weight showed a slight mean decrease. Clinical chemistry and cardiovascular investigations were judged to show no changes of clinical importance. It is concluded that zimeldine was shown to be a safe drug in this 1-year treatment programme of depression.
 ...
PMID:The safety of zimeldine in long-term use in depressive illness. 623 Aug 89

Psychoactive drugs are often widely used before tolerance and dependence is fully appreciated. Tolerance to cannabis-induced cardiovascular and autonomic changes, decreased intraocular pressure, sleep and sleep EEG, mood and behavioral changes is acquired and, to a great degree, lost rapidly with optimal conditions. Mechanisms appear more functional than metabolic. Acquisition rate depends on dose and dose schedule. Dependence, manifested by withdrawal symptoms after as little as 7 days of THC administration, is characterized by irritability, restlessness, insomnia, anorexia, nausea, sweating, salivation, increased body temperature, altered sleep and waking EEG, tremor, and weight loss. Mild and transient in the 120 subjects studied, the syndrome was similar to sedative drug withdrawal. Tolerance to drug side effects can be useful. Tolerance to therapeutic effects or target symptoms poses problems. Clinical significance of dependence is difficult to assess since drug-seeking behavior has many determinants. Cannabis-induced super sensitivity should be considered wherever chronic drug administration is anticipated in conditions like epilepsy, glaucoma or chronic pain. Cannabis pharmacology suggests ways of minimizing tolerance and dependence problems.
 ...
PMID:Clinical relevance of cannabis tolerance and dependence. 627 20

Tolfenamic acid (TA), a potent inhibitor of prostaglandin (PG) biosynthesis and action, was tested prophylactically against hangover symptoms in 30 healthy volunteers in a double-blind cross-over study. One capsule of TA (200 mg) or placebo was taken before starting to drink alcohol and another before going to bed. The hangover symptoms were evaluated in the morning. TA was found significantly better than placebo in the subjective evaluation of drug efficacy (p less than 0.001) and in reducing the reported hangover symptoms in general (p less than 0.01). In the TA group, significantly lower symptom scores were obtained for headache (p less than 0.01), and for nausea, vomiting, irritation, tremor, thirst and dryness of mouth (all p less than 0.05). In a separate study with eight participants, plasma levels of PGs were followed during ingestion of alcohol with or without TA. The plasma concentrations of PGE2 and TXB2 (a metabolite of thromboxane A2) were lower in the TA group during alcohol ingestion, while PGF2 alpha and 6-keto-PGF1 alpha (a metabolite of prostacyclin) were unaffected. TXB2 correlated with blood alcohol levels in a U-shaped manner.
 ...
PMID:Hangover headache and prostaglandins: prophylactic treatment with tolfenamic acid. 634 13

Bepridil, a new calcium-channel blocking agent with an extended plasma elimination half-life of greater than 50 hours, was compared to placebo in 77 patients with confirmed coronary artery disease and chronic stable angina pectoris. The effects of bepridil were compared with those of placebo on angina frequency, nitroglycerin tablet use, the resting ECG and hemodynamics at rest and maximal exercise using a study design comprising 5 sequential 2-week single-blind treatment phases. After 2 weeks of placebo (phase 1), bepridil was given for 3 phases (2, 3 and 4) at total daily dosages of 200, 300 and 400 mg, respectively; the study was completed after a final reintroduction of placebo (phase 5). Within each phase once- and twice-daily regimens of bepridil were randomly compared. Bepridil (300 mg/day) reduced anginal frequency 68%, from 8.5 +/- 1.1 (standard error of the mean) to 2.7 +/- 0.7 attacks/week and nitroglycerin tablet use 76% (p less than 0.001). Bepridil improved exercise duration 26%, from 6.9 +/- 0.4 to 8.7 +/- 0.5 minutes (p less than 0.001) and exercise work 52%, from 2.7 +/- 0.3 to 4.1 +/- 0.4 kpm X 10(-3) (p less than 0.001) on a standardized treadmill protocol. Resting and peak exercise heart rate and blood pressure were unaffected by bepridil. The antianginal effects were similar with either once- or twice-daily treatment schedules. Minor side effects of nausea, epigastric discomfort and tremor were infrequent and there were no major side effects. The results of this large but preliminary, single-blind and short-term study suggest that bepridil is an effective and well tolerated antianginal agent when administered once daily.
 ...
PMID:Bepridil for chronic stable angina pectoris: results of a prospective multicenter, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study in 77 patients. 636 86

Among patients with renal failure, there have been impressive modifications of both the duration and quality of life as a result of dialysis, renal transplantation, and improved medical management. However, patients who have renal failure continue to manifest a variety of neurologic disorders. Patients with chronic renal failure who have not yet received dialytic therapy may develop a symptom complex progressing from mild sensorial clouding to delirium and coma, with tremor, asterixis, multifocal myoclonus, and seizures. Even after the institution of otherwise adequate maintenance dialysis therapy, patients may continue to be afflicted with more subtle nervous system dysfunction, including impaired mentation, generalized weakness, and peripheral neuropathy. The central nervous system disorders of both untreated renal failure and that persisting despite dialysis are referred to as uremic encephalopathy. The dialytic treatment of end stage renal disease has itself been associated with the emergence of two distinct, new disorders of the central nervous system: Dialysis dysequilibrium and dialysis dementia. The dialysis disequilibrium syndrome consists of headache, nausea, muscle cramps, obtundation and seizures, and is a consequence of the initiation of dialysis therapy in some patients. Dialysis dementia is a progressive, generally fatal encephalopathy which affects patients on chronic hemodialysis. This disease also appears to be a complication of the therapy for renal failure.
 ...
PMID:Pathogenesis of dialysis encephalopathy. 636 3

Twenty-four adult outpatients with poorly controlled complex partial seizures were treated with valproic acid. Previous therapy with antiepileptic agents was continued to maintain stable plasma drug levels. Initially 12 patients experienced greater than 50% seizure reduction. Only five patients maintained longterm benefit. In the other seven patients a tolerance developed to valproic acid's efficacy. Duration of seizure control seemed to be a function of initial seizure frequency. Toxic effects were generally mild. No hepatotoxic effect was noted and no hematological abnormalities developed. Weight changes occurred in 17 patients (14 gained weight) and five patients experienced a postural tremor. Eighteen patients experienced nausea.
 ...
PMID:Valproic acid therapy for complex partial seizures. Its efficacy and toxic effects. 640 1

1 The effects of fluvoxamine to a maximum of 300 mg daily were compared with those of imipramine to a maximum of 200 mg daily, in 151 patients with primary major depression. 2 Four weeks of treatment with fluvoxamine resulted in 67.2% improvement (+/- s.d. 21.6) on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (26 items). Treatment with imipramine showed 62.1% improvement (+/- s.d. 29.5) on this scale. 3 Fluvoxamine had no untoward effects on the cardiovascular system, while imipramine produced systematic increases in the postural fall in blood pressure. Dry mouth, nausea, daytime somnolence and tremor were seen with fluvoxamine treatment, while imipramine was associated with dry mouth, daytime somnolence, dizziness and tremor. 4 We conclude that fluvoxamine seems to have the same general antidepressant efficacy as imipramine. It was not associated with any safety problems and was generally well tolerated.
 ...
PMID:A double-blind controlled clinical trial comparing fluvoxamine with imipramine. 640 1

Bupropion HCl, a new nontricyclic antidepressant, produced marked improvement in 49 hospitalized patients with primary depression at doses of 300-600 mg/day. Bupropion resulted in statistically significant differences from placebo as early as day 5, and by the end of the 4-week study 79% (N = 27) of the bupropion patients and 13% (N = 2) of the placebo patients showed much to very much improvement. Bupropion and placebo had similar side effect profiles. Tremor and sweating were reported more often with bupropion and headache, nausea, and tiredness with placebo.
 ...
PMID:A double-blind study of bupropion and placebo in depression. 642 79


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>