Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0040822 (tremor)
 18,428 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Eleven cows in late lactation were exposed to butyric acid for three weeks and were compared to five controls. Two intraruminal doses were daily applied, that is 1.0 g/kg B.W. of butyric acid to six animals and 1.0 g/kg B.W. of sodium butyrate to another five. Decline in milk yield was clinically recorded in response to butyric acid, while muscle tremor and diarrhoea resulted additionally from sodium butyrate. Behaviours of the clinico-chemical parameters of beta-OH-butyrate, glucose, free fatty acids, bilirubin, ASAT, gamma-GT, AP, and cholesterol were comparable to those in fattening bulls. Liver damage was not safely established. Some of the clinico-chemical alterations were more strongly pronounced after administration of sodium butyrate. One cow fell ill with ketosis under butyric acid load.
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PMID:[Subacute butyric acid exposure in cattle. 4. Clinical influence and effect on the carbohydrate-fat metabolism and liver function of cows]. 210 47

According to the hypothesis that the development of physical dependence on and tolerance to opiates depends on the inhibition by opiates of L-asparaginase and L-glutaminase activities in the brain, and the blockade by opiates of the aspartatergic/glutamatergic receptors especially NMDA, four female and fourty-four male heroin addicts were included in a double-blind clinical trial. Four mg chlorpromazine (CPZ) was administered every hour and 10 mg diazepam (DIA) every 6 hours to a group consisting of two female and nineteen male inpatients. The remaining subjects received 15 mg non-opioid antitussive dextromethorphan (DM) instead of CPZ. The withdrawn addicts were controlled twice a day and yawning, lacrimation, rhinorrhoea, perspiration, goose flesh, muscle tremor, dilated pupils, anorexia, joint and muscle aches, restlessness, insomnia, emesis, diarrhea, craving and rejection of smoking as abstinence syndrome signs were observed and rated on a scale of 1, 2 and 3 points according to their intensity. All signs, except perspiration and emesis, were significantly less intense in the group given DM + DIA than CPZ + DIA. The other plus points included the immediate stop of craving and the early onset of smoking in DM + DIA group. The results are considered to be supporting evidence for the hypothesis emphasizing the blockade of NMDA receptors by opiates in opiate addiction. Furthermore, the decrease caused by non-opioid NMDA antagonists in the responsiveness of NMDA receptors appears very promising for the treatment of opiate addicts.
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PMID:The treatment of heroin addicts with dextromethorphan: a double-blind comparison of dextromethorphan with chlorpromazine. 218 2

The Isoparaffins covered in this manuscript are branched aliphatic hydrocarbons with a carbon skeleton length ranging from approximately C10 to C15. They are used in the manufacture of liquid imaging toners, paint formulations, charcoal lighter fluid, furniture polishes and floor clearners. Potential exposure exists in the petroleum, printing and paint industries. Isoparaffins have a very low order of acute toxicity, being practically non-toxic by oral, dermal and inhalation routes. However, aspiration of liquid isoparaffins into the lungs during oral ingestion could result in severe pulmonary injury. Dermally, isoparaffins have produced slight to moderate irritation in animals and humans under occluded patch conditions where evaporation cannot freely occur. However, they are not irritating in non-occluded tests, which are a more realistic simulation of human exposure. They have not been found to be sensitizers in guinea pig or human patch testing. However, occasional rare idiosyncratic sensitization reactions in humans have been reported. Instillation of isoparaffins into rabbit eyes produces only slight irritation. Several studies have evaluated sensory irritation in laboratory animals or odor or sensory response in humans. When evaluated by a standard procedure to assess upper airway irritation, isoparaffins did not produce sensory irritation in mice exposed to up to 400 ppm isoparaffin in air. Human volunteers were exposed for six hours to 100 ppm isoparaffin. The subjects were given a self-administered questionnaire to evaluate symptoms, which included dryness of the mucous membranes, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue, headache, dizziness, feeling of inebriation, visual disturbances, tremor, muscular weakness, impairment of coordination or paresthesia. No symptoms associated with solvent exposure were observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Toxicology update isoparaffinic hydrocarbons: a summary of physical properties, toxicity studies and human exposure data. 219 78

When given a two-bottle choice between gradually increasing morphine concentrations (in 0.2% saccharin) and plain tap water, C57BL/6J mice consumed almost 90% of their daily fluid intake from the morphine-saccharin bottle, while the DBA/2J strain, in contrast, consumed 13% or less from the morphine-saccharin solution. The C57BL/6J strain consistently consumed mean daily doses of morphine sulfate in excess of 200 mg/kg, which was sufficient to induce an easily discernable withdrawal syndrome upon removal of the morphine solution, either with or without naloxone challenge. Hypothermia, tremor, wet dog shakes, jumping, and diarrhea were prominent withdrawal signs. In separate experiments, the saccharin was removed from the morphine-containing bottle, yet the C57BL/6J mice continued to prefer the morphine solution over tap water. In complete contrast to the above, mice of the DBA/2J strain rejected the morphine-saccharin solution at the lowest concentration employed, and at no time did their mean daily morphine dose exceed 20 mg/kg. Thus, morphine-saccharin preference is strongly genetically determined, and a high degree of physical dependence can result in the morphine-preferring strain. Palatability differences appear not to be the predominant explanation for these differences in morphine-saccharin consumption.
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PMID:Physical dependence induced by the voluntary consumption of morphine in inbred mice. 232 Jun 38

Eighteen professional divers (age range 24-33 yr, mean 28.3) participated in one simulated dive to 360 meters of seawater (msw) in a helium-oxygen (heliox) atmosphere with equal compression and decompression profiles. All divers were given an extensive neurologic examination before diving. Clinical neurologic symptoms observed during the dives were equilibrium disorder, sleep disturbances, fatigue, nausea, loose stools, stomach pain, tremor, mental disturbances, reduced appetite, and headache. Symptoms were scored individually by each diver. The symptoms were analyzed statistically by factor analysis, which grouped them into four factors. These symptoms are presumably related to functional disturbances in the brain stem and the cerebellum. Factor 3 symptoms (tremor, mental disturbances, reduced appetite) correlated significantly to a history of predive decompression sickness (P = 0.006) and to cerebral concussion (P = 0.023). Three divers were periodically unable to work at bottom due to equilibrium disorder, diarrhea, or nausea. One diver with mild polyneuropathy and slight cerebral atrophy as seen by computerized tomography and another diver with abnormal electroencephalography were periodically unable to work due to equilibrium disorder and nausea, respectively. We advocate that divers with signs of central or peripheral nervous system dysfunction should not be selected for deep diving.
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PMID:Analysis of neurologic symptoms in deep diving: implications for selection of divers. 232 22

The authors describe two series of patients: 12 treated simultaneously with fluoxetine and a monoamine oxidase inhibitor and 6 patients started on treatment with an MAOI 10 days or more after stopping fluoxetine treatment. All patients had extremely refractory depression and were treated in open fashion before general knowledge was obtained of the side effects that may accompany the fluoxetine-MAOI combination. During the fluoxetine-MAOI trial, most patients continued to receive other psychotropic combinations that had been partially helpful. The use of fluoxetine and an MAOI, either together or in close succession, was accompanied by a very high incidence of adverse effects, especially the "serotonergic syndrome." This syndrome was characterized by mental status changes, such as hypomania and confusion, and physical symptoms, such as myoclonus, hypertension, tremor, and diarrhea. Because of the high incidence of side effects and the lack of definite efficacy, the concurrent use of fluoxetine and MAOIs should generally be avoided. The long half-lives of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine, as well as the prolonged metabolic effects of MAOIs, may also dispose patients to an interaction if one of the drugs is started soon after stopping the other.
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PMID:Adverse consequences of fluoxetine-MAOI combination therapy. 199 42

We report the effects of aqueous extracts of the microalgae Dunaliella tertiolecta Butcher (Chlorophyceae) and Phaeodactylum tricornutum Bohlin (Bacillariophyceae) on oxotremorin-induced cholinergic symptoms, amphetamine-induced hypermotility, pentylenetetrazole-induced convulsions, and Rota-rod test performance. Both extracts significantly reduced rectal temperature, spontaneous motor activity, and time on the Rota-rod and increased the number of mice falling off the rod before 180 s, but neither protected against pentylenetetrazole-induced convulsions or against oxotremorin-induced tremor, salivation, and diarrhoea.
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PMID:Effects of Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Dunaliella tertiolecta extracts on the central nervous system. 235 60

Repeated application of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH; 50 and 100 mg/kg) and malathion (200 and 400 mg/kg) alone or in combination daily for 30 days on the skin of male guinea pigs caused mild to severe signs of toxicity and death of animals. The experimental animals exhibited tremor, dyspnea, salivation, convulsion, diarrhea and paralysis of the limbs. These were associated with significant biochemical and morphological changes in skin, liver, kidney and testes. The inhibition of acetylcholinesterase appeared highly significant in the combined treatment, but was not suggestive of any HCH and malathion potentiation. The highest level of HCH residue was seen in fatty tissue after low dose treatment. This was in contrast to the high level seen in liver after larger doses of HCH. This study suggests that HCH and malathion did not elicit any potentiation effects in the parameters monitored and at the doses tested.
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PMID:Interaction of hexachlorocyclohexane and malathion in male guinea pigs after repeated dermal application. 243 88

A yin-yang hypothesis is presented linking noradrenergic activity, thromboxane, melatonin, left hemisphere functioning, and cyclic AMP on the one hand, and dopamine, beta-endorphin, calcium, right hemisphere functioning, and cyclic GMP on the other. It is further suggested that there is a yoking of NA, TXA2, serotonin and melatonin in the left hemisphere, and a similar yoking of DA, BE, calcium and cGMP in the right. Evidence is presented to support the hypothesis that each element (NA, TXA2, etc.) on one side can modulate or balance a corresponding element (DA, BE, etc.) on the other. It is suggested that thromboxane is the key element in noradrenergic overactivity and that not taking this into consideration has confounded much prior research. This theory takes into account information processing models as well as pharmacological data and neurochemical theory on coupling of adenylate cyclase to its hormone receptors. Inhibiting noradrenergic overactivity can be obtained by inhibiting thromboxane and concomitantly activating opiate receptors. This protocol may have clinical utility in treating a wide range of disorders such as: anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, sleeplessness, withdrawal states, enuresis, Gilles de la Tourette syndrome, Parkinsonism, Alzheimers, dementia, anorexia, infant ruminations, essential tremor, spasticity of spinal cord injury, diarrhoea, ulcerative colitis, extrapyramidal symptoms, akathisia, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, attention deficit disorder, hyperhidrosis, and possibly AIDS.
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PMID:Inhibiting noradrenergic overactivity by inhibition of thromboxane and concomitant activation of opiate receptors via dietary means. 254 22

We investigated the effects of thiorphan, a selective inhibitor of endopeptidase 24.11 'enkephalinase', kelatorphan ((R)-3-(N-hydroxy-carboxamido-2-benzylpropanoyl)-L-alanine), and RB 38 A ((R)-3-(N-hydroxycarboxamido-2-benzylpropanoyl)-L-phenylalanine) two almost complete inhibitors of enkephalin metabolism, on the naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal syndrome in rats. Inhibitors administered intracerebroventricularly reduced several symptoms of the withdrawal syndrome. Jumping, chewing and tooth chattering were decreased by all drugs. The rise in plasma corticosterone and the hypothermia were reduced by kelatorphan and RB 38 A whereas rhinorrhea was blocked by thiorphan, tremor by kelatorphan and diarrhoea by RB 38 A. Other signs remained unchanged. These data suggest that an increase in opioid receptor occupancy by endogenous opioid peptides, protected from biotransformation specially by mixed inhibitors reduced the severity of the morphine abstinence symptoms in rats.
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PMID:Comparison of selective and complete inhibitors of enkephalin-degrading enzymes on morphine withdrawal syndrome. 277 28


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