Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0040822 (tremor)
 18,428 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Dental personnel are exposed to low concentrations of mercury vapor in their working environment and from their own amalgam fillings. This study included 505 occupationally exposed individuals working at 82 dental clinics in northern Sweden and 41 controls without occupational mercury exposure. The concentration of mercury in air was measured. Urine mercury was determined for all participants, who also answered a questionnaire focused on four symptoms known from the literature to be connected with mercury exposure, namely loss of appetite, tremor, insomnia and anxiety. The median value of mercury vapor in air in the dental surgeries was low compared with other investigations; 1.5 micrograms m-3 in public dental care and 3.6 micrograms m-3 in private dental care. The urine mercury concentrations (HgU) were low, and of the same order of magnitude as for the Swedish population as a whole. Median values among different groups of dental personnel ranged from 1.4 to 2.9 nmol Hg/mmol creatinine. For those occupationally exposed, the load from their own amalgam fillings was estimated to be of the same order of magnitude as from the working environment. The prevalence of any of the four symptoms investigated in the groups of exposed personnel and controls as low, less than or equal to 11%. In our study, which included mercury intakes up to twice the contribution from amalgam fillings, no increase in the prevalence of symptoms could be detected in relation to mercury concentrations in urine.
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PMID:Urine mercury levels and associated symptoms in dental personnel. 236 35

A yin-yang hypothesis is presented linking noradrenergic activity, thromboxane, melatonin, left hemisphere functioning, and cyclic AMP on the one hand, and dopamine, beta-endorphin, calcium, right hemisphere functioning, and cyclic GMP on the other. It is further suggested that there is a yoking of NA, TXA2, serotonin and melatonin in the left hemisphere, and a similar yoking of DA, BE, calcium and cGMP in the right. Evidence is presented to support the hypothesis that each element (NA, TXA2, etc.) on one side can modulate or balance a corresponding element (DA, BE, etc.) on the other. It is suggested that thromboxane is the key element in noradrenergic overactivity and that not taking this into consideration has confounded much prior research. This theory takes into account information processing models as well as pharmacological data and neurochemical theory on coupling of adenylate cyclase to its hormone receptors. Inhibiting noradrenergic overactivity can be obtained by inhibiting thromboxane and concomitantly activating opiate receptors. This protocol may have clinical utility in treating a wide range of disorders such as: anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, sleeplessness, withdrawal states, enuresis, Gilles de la Tourette syndrome, Parkinsonism, Alzheimers, dementia, anorexia, infant ruminations, essential tremor, spasticity of spinal cord injury, diarrhoea, ulcerative colitis, extrapyramidal symptoms, akathisia, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, attention deficit disorder, hyperhidrosis, and possibly AIDS.
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PMID:Inhibiting noradrenergic overactivity by inhibition of thromboxane and concomitant activation of opiate receptors via dietary means. 254 22

Citalopram, a selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor with antidepressant properties, was assessed in three studies in 12 healthy subjects using a battery of EEG, psychological, subjective and symptomatic measures. Study A involved the administration of citalopram, 20 mg and 40 mg, amitriptyline 50 mg and placebo in single dose using a balanced cross-over design. The test battery was applied before, and 1 and 3 h after each drug. Citalopram decreased slow-wave EEG activity whereas amitriptyline increased power in most EEG wavebands. Citalopram increased tapping rate and symbol copying whereas amitriptyline impaired these and other psychomotor tasks. Subjectively, amitriptyline was much more sedative than citalopram and produced more complaints of dry mouth. Study B comprised the administration of citalopram in the usual clinical dose of 40 mg, amitriptyline in the low clinical dose of 75 mg and placebo, each given for 9 nights using a balanced cross-over design. The test battery was applied on the first morning (pre-drug) and on the morning after the last nightly dose. None of the physiological tests showed any drug effects. Subjectively, citalopram was associated with feelings of shaking, nausea, loss of appetite and physical tiredness; amitriptyline produced feelings of shaking, nausea, loss of appetite, dryness of mouth, irritability, dizziness and indigestion; in general, amitriptyline effects were more marked than those of citalopram. Plasma samples were taken on the last day and plasma concentrations of both drugs and their metabolites were found to be in the expected range for the regimens used.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:The effects of citalopram in single and repeated doses and with alcohol on physiological and psychological measures in healthy subjects. 346 75

Sprague-Dawley male rats were intoxicated with morphine, using an ingestion method where exposed and control rats received equivalent amounts of calories and nutrients. The degree of physical dependence on morphine was demonstrated by studying and quantifying abstinence symptoms after withdrawal or after administration of opiate antagonists. The aims of the study were (1) to further enlighten the specificity and validity of the intoxication method concerning physical dependence, and (2) to determine whether some of the abstinence signs might be of value to facilitate quantitation of the degree of physical dependence on morphine, with diet and fluid intake being maintained under control. Withdrawn rats showed a decreased fluid diet intake and a body weight loss, the latter partly due to anorexia. Other mild abstinence signs were irritation, tremor and some motor excitation. The body weight loss during the first day of morphine withdrawal was proportional to the accumulated drug dose (between 25 and 300 mg morphine PO/kg b.wt.). However, prolonged morphine treatment on one dose (340 mg/kg b.wt.) did not reinforce the body weight changes caused by morphine withdrawal. The succeeding weight gain some days after morphine withdrawal was not entirely dependent on the amount of fluid diet intake. Methadone was shown to partially block the decrease in diet intake and the weight loss seen during morphine withdrawal. The naloxone-precipitated withdrawal symptoms were motor excitation, cholinergic signs, body weight loss, diarrhoea and decreased diet intake. The weight loss 2 hr after naloxone administration to long-term intoxicated rats was proportional to the naloxone dose.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Aspects of abstinence after morphine ingestion. 365 10

The most frequent clinical manifestations in 100 elderly hyperthyroid patients entered in our study were: weight loss (83%), palpitations (85%), nodular goiter (71%) and tremor (74%). Association of weight loss with anorexia and constipation was found in 6% of the patients. The apathetic form of thyrotoxicosis was present in 2% of our patients. Thyrotoxic atrial fibrillation and thyrotoxic heart disease were found in 42% and 51% respectively.
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PMID:Hyperthyroidism in the elderly. I. Clinical manifestations. 383 36

Research has been carried out into the effects of a new vasoactive substance, buflomedil hydrochloride, on two groups of patients suffering from cerebrovascular insufficiency and obliterating arteriopathy at the lower extremities. Ten clinical parameters were assessed in the first group of patients (insomnia, headache, vertigo, tinnitus, asthenia, shaking, changes in reflexes, anorexia, memory disturbances, problems of concentration and character disturbances); in the second group, the muscular flow of the gastrocnemius as measured by the muscular clearance of NaI131 at rest, during standard exercise conditions, during ten minutes following exercise and in the post-ischaemic phase. The results can be considered satisfactory in both groups, especially after prolonged treatment and in the early stage of the disease. Drug tolerance was very good.
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PMID:[Treatment of chronic cerebrovascular insufficiency and chronic obliterating arteriopathy of the lower extremities with buflomedil hydrochloride]. 404 47

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) concentrations were significantly elevated in patients during the alcohol withdrawal syndrome. When CSF MHPG was corrected using a formula proposed to determine CSF MHPG levels of central origin, these values were still significantly elevated when compared with control values. The MHPG concentrations in CSF also showed significant positive correlations with heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, tremor, anorexia, and sweating. The results of this study indicate increased presynaptic release of norepinephrine during alcohol withdrawal.
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PMID:Cerebrospinal fluid 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol and norepinephrine levels in alcohol withdrawal. Correlations with clinical signs. 405 83

The benzodiazepines are the most effective, safest, and most widely used antianxiety drugs. As a class of drugs, there are few major differences between the various benzodiazepine derivatives. The main distinguishing features are different plasma half-lives and the presence or absence of pharmacologically active metabolites. Plasma half-lives vary considerably, from 2 to 3 hours to more than 100 hours. All benzodiazepines are equally effective in the short term management of anxiety and insomnia, and their classification into 'anxiolytics' and 'hypnotics' is not justified. There are numerous other indications for benzodiazepine use, such as muscle spasm in osteoarthritic conditions, and acute alcohol withdrawal, but the benzodiazepines have no antidepressive or analgesic effects. While there is no good evidence for their long term efficacy in the treatment of anxiety and insomnia, the benzodiazepines are more effective and safer than their main predecessors, the barbiturates. Some of the benzodiazepines, particularly those with long plasma half-lives which are commonly used as hypnotics, have a prolonged duration of action and cause marked 'hang-over' effects. Alcohol enhances the effects of these drugs, and thus can also increase their side effects. Adversely effects such as oversedation, tremor, ataxia and confusion are much more common in elderly patients. Ever since the benzodiazepines were first marketed 20 years ago their use has increased rapidly, and it is now estimated that between 12 and 16% of the adult population in developed countries use tranquillisers at some time each year. However, their overall use has probably diminished somewhat in the last few years. Although their indications are very common, it is possible that some of this extensive usage may be the result of dependence. Until recently, published reports of such dependence were comparatively few. However, withdrawal symptoms have now been demonstrated in a substantial proportion of patients on long term, normal dose benzodiazepine treatment. The abstinence syndrome usually lasts for 8 to 10 days, and is characterised by insomnia, anxiety, loss of appetite and bodyweight, tremor, perspiration, and a host of perceptual disturbances. More serious developments such as epileptic fits and psychosis are probably infrequent during withdrawal from therapeutic doses. The overall incidence of benzodiazepine dependence remains unknown.
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PMID:Rational use of anxiolytic/sedative drugs. 613 9

Psychoactive drugs are often widely used before tolerance and dependence is fully appreciated. Tolerance to cannabis-induced cardiovascular and autonomic changes, decreased intraocular pressure, sleep and sleep EEG, mood and behavioral changes is acquired and, to a great degree, lost rapidly with optimal conditions. Mechanisms appear more functional than metabolic. Acquisition rate depends on dose and dose schedule. Dependence, manifested by withdrawal symptoms after as little as 7 days of THC administration, is characterized by irritability, restlessness, insomnia, anorexia, nausea, sweating, salivation, increased body temperature, altered sleep and waking EEG, tremor, and weight loss. Mild and transient in the 120 subjects studied, the syndrome was similar to sedative drug withdrawal. Tolerance to drug side effects can be useful. Tolerance to therapeutic effects or target symptoms poses problems. Clinical significance of dependence is difficult to assess since drug-seeking behavior has many determinants. Cannabis-induced super sensitivity should be considered wherever chronic drug administration is anticipated in conditions like epilepsy, glaucoma or chronic pain. Cannabis pharmacology suggests ways of minimizing tolerance and dependence problems.
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PMID:Clinical relevance of cannabis tolerance and dependence. 627 20

The alcoholic patient is usually anxious. Anxiety is increased by withdrawal. The anxiety-relieving effect of tiapride was studied in 20 alcoholics, with a mean age of 44 years. 18 patients were male. Alcoholism was chronic in 18 cases and paroxystic in two. At the time of withdrawal each patient was given 3 intramuscular injections daily for 7 days, then 3 tablets per day. Results, which were evaluated according to the Hamilton score, were excellent in 9 cases, good in 10 and poor in 1: no failure was recorded. The symptoms which responded best were fear, somatic and psychic manifestations of anxiety, depressive feelings and sleep disturbances. Concomitantly, digestive disorders, anorexia, tremor and pain were alleviated. Tolerance was excellent: no neurologic, digestive, cardiovascular or biologic manifestations were recorded. In caring for alcoholic patients, the critical time of withdrawal is undeniably facilitated by the use of tiapride.
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PMID:[Use of tiapride in the anxious alcoholic]. 630 98


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